Reading Comprehension Assessment and Lessons

The ability to read is one of the most powerful tools teachers and parents can give students. Literacy is strongly correlated with future economic  and professional success. Illiteracy, on the other hand, exacts a steep price.  The National Center for Education Statistics notes that 43 percent  of adults with the lowest reading levels live in poverty, and according to the National Institute for Literacy, 70  percent of people on welfare have extremely low literacy. Furthermore, 72  percent of children of parents with low literacy will themselves have low literacy, and are more likely  to perform poorly in school and drop out.   Early and elementary education offers  a key opportunity to break this cycle of economic hardship. And while the mechanics of reading and writing are essential building blocks, reading comprehension allows students to move beyond decoding and into understanding and enjoyment. Understanding Reading Comprehension The easiest way to explain reading comprehension is to put a reader in the position of someone who is deciphering letters and words rather than comprehending (attaching meaning to) them. Try reading this: Fà ¦der ureà °u à °e eart on heofenumsi à °in nama gehalgodto-becume à °in ricegeweorà ¾e à °in willa on eorà °an swa swa on heofenum.Urne ge dà ¦ghwamlican hlaf syle us to-deagand forgyf us ure gyltasswa swa we forgifaà ¾ urum gyltendumane ne gelà ¦de à °u us on costnungeac alys us of yfle. Using your knowledge base of phonetic sounds, you might be able to â€Å"read† the text, but you would not understand what you’d just read. You most certainly would not recognize it as The Lord’s Prayer. What about the following sentence? Fox grape grey shoe on land title base. You may know each word and its meaning, but that doesnt give the sentence meaning. Reading comprehension involves three distinct components: processing text (sounding out the syllables to decode the words), understanding what was read, and making connections between the text and what you already know. Vocabulary Knowledge vs. Text Comprehension Vocabulary knowledge and text comprehension are two vital elements of reading comprehension. Vocabulary knowledge refers to understanding individual words. If a reader doesn’t understand the words he is reading, he won’t understand the text as a whole. Because vocabulary knowledge is essential to reading comprehension, children should  be exposed to a rich vocabulary and should always be learning new words. Parents and teachers can help by defining potentially unfamiliar words that students will encounter in texts and teaching students to use contextual clues to understand the meaning of new words. Text comprehension builds on vocabulary knowledge by allowing the reader to combine the meanings of the individual words to understand the overall text. If you’ve ever read a complicated legal document, a challenging book, or the previous example of a nonsensical sentence, you can understand the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and text comprehension. Understanding the meaning of most of the words does not necessarily translate into understanding the text as a whole. Text comprehension relies on the reader making connections with what hes reading. Reading Comprehension Example Most standardized tests include sections that assess reading comprehension. These assessments focus on identifying the main idea of a passage, understanding vocabulary in context, making inferences, and identifying the author’s purpose. A student might read a passage such as the following about dolphins. Dolphins are aquatic mammals (not fish) well-known for their intellect, gregarious nature, and acrobatic abilities. Like other mammals, they are warm-blooded, give birth to live young, feed their babies milk, and breathe air through their lungs. Dolphins have a streamlined body, a pronounced beak, and a blowhole. They swim by moving their tail up and down to propel themselves forward.A female dolphin is called a cow, a male is a bull, and the babies are calves. Dolphins are carnivores that eat marine life such as fish and squid. They have great eyesight and use this along with echolocation to move about in the ocean and locate and identify objects around them.Dolphins communicate with clicks and whistles. They develop their own personal whistle, which is distinct from other dolphins. Mother dolphins whistle to their babies frequently after birth so that the calves learn to recognize their mothers whistle. After reading the passage, students are asked to answer questions based on what they read to demonstrate their understanding of the passage. Young students might be expected to understand from the text that dolphins are mammals that live in the ocean. They eat fish and communicate with clicks and whistles. Older students might be asked to apply information gleaned from the passage to facts they already know. They could be asked to infer the meaning of the term carnivore from the text, identify what dolphins and cattle have in common (being identified as a cow, bull, or calf) or how a dolphin’s whistle is similar to a human fingerprint (each is distinct to the individual). Methods of Assessing Reading Comprehension There are several ways to evaluate a student’s reading comprehension skills. One method is to use a formal assessment, like the example above,  with reading passages followed by questions about the passage. Another method is to use informal assessments. Ask students to tell you about what they read or retell the story or event in their own words. Put students in discussion groups and listen to what they have to say about the book,  watching for areas of confusion and  students who are not participating. Ask students for a written response to the text, such as journaling, identifying their favorite scene, or listing the top 3 to 5 facts they learned from the text. Signs That a Student Is Not Able to Comprehend What Hes Reading One indicator that a student is struggling with reading comprehension is difficulty reading aloud. If a student struggles to recognize or sound out words when he’s reading orally, he’s likely encountering the same struggles when reading silently. Weak vocabulary is another indicator of poor reading comprehension. This is because students who struggle with text comprehension may have difficulting learning and incorporating new vocabulary. Finally, poor spelling and weak writing skills may be a signal that a student isn’t able to comprehend what he’s reading. Difficulty spelling may indicate problems remembering letter sounds, which means that the student is likely also having trouble processing text. How to Teach Effective Reading Comprehension It might seem as though reading comprehension skills develop naturally, but that’s because students gradually begin to internalize the techniques. Effective reading comprehension skills must be taught, but it’s not difficult to do. There are simple strategies to improve reading comprehension that parents and teachers can employ. The most important step is to ask questions before, during, and after reading. Ask students what they think the story is going to be about based on the title or cover. As you’re reading, ask students to summarize what they’ve read so far or predict what they think will happen next. After reading, ask students to summarize the story, identify the main idea, or highlight the most important facts or events. Next, help children make connections between what they’ve read and their experiences. Ask them what they would have done if they had been in the main character’s situation or if they’ve had a similar experience. Consider reading challenging texts aloud. Ideally, students will have their own copy of the book so that they can follow along. Reading aloud models good reading techniques and allows students to hear new vocabulary in context without disrupting the flow of the story. How Students Can Improve Reading Comprehension Skills There are also steps that students can take to improve their reading comprehension skills. The first, most basic step is to improve overall reading skills. Help students select books about topics that interest them and encourage them to  read at least 20 minutes each day. It’s okay if they want to start with books below their reading level. Doing so can help students focus on what they’re reading, rather than on decoding more challenging text, and improve their confidence. Next, encourage students to stop every so often and summarize what they’ve read, either mentally or aloud with a reading buddy. They may want to make notes or use a graphic organizer to  record their thoughts. Remind students to get  an overview of what they’ll be reading by first reading chapter titles and subheadings. Conversely, students can also benefit from skimming over the material after they’ve read it. Students should also take steps to improve their vocabulary. One way to do so without disrupting the flow of reading is to jot down unfamiliar words and look them up after they’ve finished their reading time.

Australia s Film And Television Industry - 1635 Words

Australia’s film and television industry has experienced drastic changes since the rise of national cinema. Leading the world film industry, Australia was home to the first film studio and feature film at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906) toured England from 1908 as the longest film ever made, popularising a new genre of bushranger movies and epitomising the Ned Kelly legend as a significant aspect in Australian cultural identity (Juddery, 2008). The beginning of Australia’s film industry built itself on bushranger films, with the focus being local audiences rather than foreign, as stated by Judder. However, power struggles within the industry and banning of the bushranger genre saw to the quick demise of the film industry in 1912. Another aspect contributing to the demise is the emergence of competition with Britain and the US releasing two feature films each to Australia’s eight, later decreasing to th ree against the US’ 212 in 1914. Soon thereafter, the industry was dominated by foreign productions. This is evidenced in the 1994 documentary Celluloid Heroes, which states that â€Å"during one week in 1959, 1500 fine dramatic actors appeared on Melbourne television, and only 5 Australians†, resulting in the 1960 Postmaster-General Charles Davidson to implement local content requirements, beginning with TV stations required to broadcast 40 per cent Australian content every 28 days with four hours in peak time, which wasShow MoreRelatedFilm Industry Case Study1692 Words   |  7 Pagesco-production in screen industries between Australia and China based on the nation’s situation and the history of film industry. 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TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Channel Ten s Strategic Position And Performance Among Like Companies On The Australian Stock Exchange852 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction and Company Profile Network Ten is one of Australia’s leading free-to air television broadcasters. With a focus on quality entertainment and news content with a substantial supply of material online and on digital platforms. These broadcasting platforms offer multiple free-to-air channels; TEN, ELEVEN and ONE as well as their digital platform, ten play. All channels of employ Network Ten’s corporate vision â€Å"we create innovative and authentic multi-platform content that entertains andRead MoreFilm Review : The Snow Town Killings 1623 Words   |  7 PagesCourse Date Film Review: The Snow Town Murders Culture, the way of life of a group of people is a very important aspect of human existence. Indeed the culture of a certain people is extremely significant to them that they strive as much as possible to prevent its extinction by passing it down from one generation to another. Over the centuries, oral telling , art making and subsequently writing have been methods of passing and preserving culture and then recently film making. The film and the mediaRead MoreChanges Of Australian Pop Culture1912 Words   |  8 Pagesculture, these areas of pop culture include Film, television, radio, music, fashion, sport and communication. Popular Culture refers to the beliefs, attitudes and lifestyles shared by a group of people. Film: Film in Australia has a large part of the Australian lifestyle and has had many major changes in Popular Culture from 1945 to the present. The first film to be released was the Ned Kelly Gang in 1945. Australia has produced many successful films during this time and has had many influencesRead MoreBritish American Influence on Australia1015 Words   |  5 PagesBefore 1945, many people, including Australians themselves, considered Australia to be nothing more than a British colony whose national identity was virtually the same as the British. During this period of Australias history, our modes of entertainment, food, fashion, sporting culture and our social values and attitudes were largely dictated by British culture. One of the most significant changes to have taken place in Australian society since the end of WWII, has been its drift towards AmericanRead MoreThe Effects Of Television And Streaming Services On The Industry1447 Words   |  6 PagesEssay – The future of the Film and Television industry with the effect of pay-tv and streaming services Since the 1950’s the use of new technologies in the Film and Television industry has increased dramatically. From the equipment used to create the moving pictures, the technology we use to view these scenes and the techniques used to capture or produce the animated films and live shots, technology is forever expanding and growing. The Film and Television industry is a major contributor to theRead MoreFrance And India Are On Different Spectrums When It Comes1126 Words   |  5 Pages India and France media consist of television, radio, film, newspapers, magazines, and internet based websites. I personally find both of these countries fascinating and want to know more about the media influence in both countries. In this paper we are going to take a closer look at the types of media, media news stories, and the Western influence in India and France. France France media consists primarily of newspapers, radio, magazines, telephone, television and the internet. The three major formsRead More Americanization of the Australian Media Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesAmericanization of the Australian Media The Australian television and media have become americanised through the influence of American media and television programs in Australia. This research will only concentrate on the extent of Americanisation in Australia through the influence on television and the film industry as the aspect of Americanisation covers a wide range from fashion to language. To fully understand the topic of the hypothesis, proper exploration of the definitions of ‘identity’Read MoreIncreasing Frequency And Normality Of Piracy2055 Words   |  9 PagesOutcome Introduction This research project explores the increasing frequency and normality of piracy as a crime in addition to its strong relationship with Australia. In particular, the purpose of this research project is to explore ‘How the rate of piracy in Australia can be reduced’ in addition to analysing the fundamental factors behind the increase in the frequency of piracy, furthermore investigating methods to reduce such criminal acts, including legal consequences. Definition of Digital Piracy

Essay Technology and Staffing

Question: Discuss about the Essayfor Technology and Staffing. Answer: There have been three web based articles chosen for assessing the role of technology in the staffing function. These three papers show how the technology has affected our daily lives as well as the human resources functions. These articles show how the use of internet has grown for the staffing purpose. The use of technology has led to various benefits like the lessening of costs for recruitments, ability to attract huge number of potential candidates and most importantly, making the process of recruitment to be faster. As per these three articles, it is clear that the technology is not to be treated as a substitute for the personal contributions in staffing; there are a lot of regions where technology can make the business work more economically maintaining the expenses to be competitive. By the use of technology, human resource department can get more of free time to focus on building relations and making fresh opportunities. The probability is more that businesses have to invest in numerous special ways to achieve its goals. Though, the suitable technology is non-negotiable for a staffing organization to be successful. The managers need help with staffing then they need the processed data and technology helps in converting the data into useful information. Manually going over the resumes is still a widespread procedure; however it can be a huge wastage of time for a rising staff in the business (Truss et al. 2002). A few of them in a week can be managed, however as a business expands, it is difficult to manually sort the resumes. By use of technology for screening and ranking of the applications, the human resources department can use up extra time bringing round the most suitable applicants and making more efficient matches for the business partners. As the business grows, there is a continuous entry of fresh short-term workers.Joining, training, filing- work, screening and investigating can use a huge amount of time and assets.By standardization of these procedures and their translation into online forms and automatic communication, the business can ease up the extensive managerial workload. There has been stress laid on the involvement of the internet because the technology can be useful in assessment of demands and the gaps among the supply of staffs. The developments in market, expansion of businesses and the rising competition have made businesses to reconsider the ways in which the staffs can be used in the best possible manner. The information and communication technology provides with several possibilities to develop the ways of managing information within the firms and so it can help in making better utilization of employees' understanding. One of such technological alternatives is application of intranet as in-house information structure of a business, which is as per the Internet protocols (Turk and Jaklic, 1998). It allows the business to get comparatively low-priced and easy storage, arrangements, processing, recording and giving out of information among the business members. All of the mentioned tasks are vital for excellent information management. Also, the technological advancements keep the data secure for other outer elements. It is important that no other person or staff member comes to know about the confidential information of others, so the technology makes it possible that all the details are kept secured and transferred in a secure manner. The internet makes internal and external communicat ion also easier, quicker and secured. The automation of work has been possible with the technological advancements and thus lead to reduction in efforts of staffs (Marchand et al 2001). Making the vital choice of which applicant is most appropriate for whichever given job is a continuous test for recruiters. Therefore, it will be great to have precise insight into which candidate is probably to become the most excellent fit. By application of the superior logical skills of modern technology for the applicant selection procedure, recruiters would be capable of making priceless forecasts to inform their choice. For instance, the past data might disclose who out of a set of candidates is probably to stay in the post for the best ever period. By simulation of the real-world circumstances, technology could permit recruiters to further precisely evaluate applicants performance with respect to particular situations. This means that the technology needs to be judiciously utilized so that the necessary information can be attained by getting relevant information for the staffing process. References Truss, C., Gratton, L., Hope-Hailey, V., Stiles, P., Zaleska, J. (2002). Paying the piper: choice and constraint in changing HR functional roles. Human ResourceManagement Journal, 12(2), 39-63. Turk, T., Jaklic J. (1998). Internet, intranet in ekstranet. Dnevi Slovenske Informatike, Ljubljana: Slovensko drutvo Informatika, pp. 133-141. Marchand A. Donald, Kettinger J. William, Rollins D. John (2001). Information orientation:the new business performance metric. Oxford University Press Inc., Ne w York.

Starbucks Keeps It Brewing in China Essay Sample free essay sample

How I love the odor of a fresh cup of Starbucks java to acquire the twenty-four hours started. As a java lover. I frequently venture to Starbucks to run into my caffeine demands. Starbucks began as a individual shopfront located in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. As of July 2012. the company has 17. 651 shops in 60 different states around the universe. with the mission to â€Å"inspire and foster the human spirit – one cup. one individual and one vicinity at a time† ( Starbucks. 2012 ) . Enhancing the value of the company are the extra trade names owned by Starbuck’s. They include Seattle’s Best Coffee. Tazo Tea. Evolution Fresh. La Boulange and Torrefazione Italia Coffee ( Starbucks. 2013 ) . In 2009 the concatenation opened its first shop in China. and presently operates more than 570 mercantile establishments in 48 Chinese metropoliss ( Starbucks. 2012 ) . CEO Howard Schultz. programs to implement the planetary scheme with aspiration to foster the g rowing and enlargement through relationships with China’s one million millions of citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Keeps It Brewing in China Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In March 2010. Schultz continued to advance planetary enlargement and pitched to the executive board the thought of encompassing the planetary market place and leveraging their trade name strength through new and existing undertakings. The inquiry remains. will Starbucks be able to boom in a tea driven China? Demographics of a altering Asiatic society and originative Starbucks schemes suggest that this is possible. Starbucks is a well-oiled concern engine that is endeavoring to do China its 2nd place market ( Starbucks. 2012 ) . The alterations that have to be made will be in their mark demographic and non-westernized attack to deriving consumers. Starbucks executives and selling squad are good cognizant of the cultural difference. values. and economic agencies that govern consumer’s determination devising. Starbucks is confident that they will 4. 000 shops by the terminal of 2013. including 1. 000 in Mainland China. 1. 000 in Japan. 500 in Korea and its first shop in Vietnam ( Starbucks. 2013 ) . Determine and discourse the barriers confronting Starbucks as they try to learn people to alter their ingestion wonts from tea and instant java. Develop a selling scheme for taking Starbucks into smaller Chinese me tropoliss and communities. What barriers would be faced? Could they be successful? Many of the barriers that Starbucks are confronting can be attributed to fiscal and cultural kineticss. The United Nations reported China as the largest tea ingestion and production company. Entire tea ingestion in China increased by 8. 2 per centum in 2009. and 1. 4 per centum in 2010 to make 1. 06 million dozenss ( English. 2012 ) . With Starbucks being a major java retail merchant. this could be really disputing when incorporating concern in the Asiatic parts. Coffee is non every bit valued as it is in North America. South America. and other states. In the Asiatic civilization. tea is believed to hold medicative utilizations. and is a portion of the societal civilization. carried from coevals to coevals in its tradition. Trying to acquire people to waive a generational tradition when household tradition is really much upheld. and household is respected will be the challenge. Those that do devour java in China frequently opt for the more cheap types of blink of an eye javas. The possible 1. 3 billion-population base that Starbucks hopes to derive purchase with is mostly rural and inhabited by low-income households ( Best/Hawkins/Mothersbaugh. 2010 ) . The rural and low-income households can be found in the smaller Chinese metropoliss and communities. This excessively adds to the troubles that Starbucks faces when tapping into the Chinese market. Making the teas and java merchandises available at local markets would be a great manner to market the trade name. wholesaling at a discounted monetary value to the local husbandmans. leting them to do a net income that they usually wouldn’t be able to do at normal distribution monetary values. Starbucks’ trade name is associated with wealth and a western civilisation. Finding a manner to maximise the cost relationship with the quality of java would be optimum for Starbucks and the transitioning consumers to less tea ingestion and more java consumption. Make recommendations about what Starbucks can make to successfully promote greater java ingestion. Starbucks may non be able to successfully alter as many consumers over to imbibing java as they may wish. Starbucks may really be in the procedure of change overing their concern to run into the demands of tea in China. Starbucks is besides the proprietors of the Tazo trade name that markets a assortment of tea picks. Starbucks is be aftering to trade name a Tazo shop. miming that of the Starbucks ironss that can be found on every corner in New York City. The signature characteristic of the 1. 700-square-foot shop will be its â€Å"blending Stationss. † a show window for 80 assortments of loose teas. where employees will steer clients through making their ain personalized blends. The loose teas will be sold by the ounce at monetary values comparable to specialty food market shops. â€Å"In the Tazo cafe . clients ‘can decelerate down and larn about tea †¦ and can plunge themselves in a sensory-rich experience. ’ Shafer said. ‘We’re making a tea resort area for clients that are looking for that experience. ’† ( Thau. 2012 ) The cafe’s are said to specialise in handcrafted teas. bagged teas. and iced teas at a tea saloon. There will besides be a choice of pastries and dainties. all good appreciated in the Asiatic civilization ( Best/Hawkins/Mothersbaugh. 2010 ) . If Starbucks plans to do China the 2nd largest sector of its Starbucks trade name. it may non be the java that leads this. but instead the tea. Develop an advertisement run that non merely would promote greater java ingestion in general. but besides more demand for Starbucks. Specify cardinal subjects. transcript points. and visuals. A study found that in trade name pick. the Chinese civilization examines wellness factors. client dealingss. self-image. quality and monetary value ( Best/Hawkins/Mothersbaugh. 2010 ) . Starbucks and their trade names have all of those qualities except the monetary value factor. which can be compromised. A run that reflects those qualities would be a dynamic manner to bind a westernized concern with the Asiatic civilization. Starbucks is presently working with their spouses. the fond term for their employees. their parents and households in forums themed â€Å"Growing Together† . Since this subject is already in being. Starbucks could profit from spread outing on that subject. Logos that undertaking this. commercials that project this. sponsorships in the schools and communities that project this. every bit good as famous person indorsements with their households that undertaking this. The thought of household is such a major portion of the Chinese civilization. The digital market will be good in this run every bit good. With the planetary selling power of Facebook. Twitter. and Instagram. the ocular creativity that can be achieved can make the multitudes. Since java is non valued amongst other things. Starbucks needs to market closer to the bosom of the Asiatic civilization. John Culver. president. Starbucks China and Asia-Pacific. said his part – the company’s fastest turning retail shop market – will near 4. 000 shops by the terminal of 2013. including 1. 000 in Mainland China. 1. 000 in Japan. 500 in Korea and its first shop in Vietnam. Culver highlighted China as Starbucks most successful new market entry to day of the month. and announced that China is expected to go Starbucks largest market outside of the U. S. in 2014 and is on program to hold 1. 500 shops in 70 metropoliss in 2015. At the conference. Culver noted the positive consequen ces achieved so far this one-fourth. Discuss the demographic. cultural. and media factors that make India more attractive for Starbucks than it was 10 old ages ago.In October. 2012. Starbuck’s opened it’s first three shops in Mumbai. India and reaffirmed programs to open the company’s foremost shop in Delhi in early 2013. ( Starbucks. 2013 ) . CEO Schultz understood that a partnership was needed in the complex Indian market. In the old old ages. most Indians would get down their forenoons with a cup of chai tea. but the demand for java is turning. studies CNN. Starbucks’ partnership with Indian drink pudding stones Tata Global Beverages would be a partnership of common evidences. Those evidences being strong community dealingss and societal duty ( Boykoff. 2012 ) . With societal media taking the universe by storm. Starbucks is utilizing this as a selling advantage to foreground the ‘Starbucks experience’ . That experience stressing community and a welcoming public infinite. Starbucks’ ability to sell the experience. non merely the java. is what delivers the competitory border in the Indian market. Resources Best. Hawkins. and Mothersbaugh. Consumer Behavior: Building Selling Strategy. 2010. United States: McGraw-Hil Starbucks Newsroom: Starbucks Strengthens Commitment to Bing the Employer of Choice in China. ( n. d. ) . Starbucks Newsroom: Home. Retrieved January 15. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //news. starbucks. com/article_display. cfm? article_id=648 Boykoff. P. ( 2012. October ) . Starbucks opens first shop in India – Oct. 19. 2012. CNNMoney – Business. fiscal and personal finance intelligence. Retrieved January 16. 2013. from hypertext transfer protocol: //money. cnn. com/2012/10/19/news/starbucks-india/index. hypertext markup language Starbucks ( 2012. November 26 ) . Starbucks Newsroom: Starbucks Strengthens China Commitment with Opening of 100th Shop in Beijing ; Elevating Coffee and Partner Experience. Starbucks Newsroom: Home. Retrieved January 15. 2013. from hypertext transfer protocol: //news. starbucks. com/article_display. cfm? article_id=731 Thau. B. ( 2012. June 22 ) . Move Over. Coffee: With Tazo Store. Starbucks Aims to Reinvent Tea – DailyFinance. Salvaging. Spending. Investing. Planing. Everything you need for a life-time of fiscal determinations. — DailyFinance. Retrieved January 15. 2013. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dailyfinance. com/2012/06/22/move-over-coffee-with-tazo -store-starbucks-aims-to-reinvent-t/

Early American And Colonial Literature Review Flashcard

Early American And Colonial Literature Review

Home Alone Quotes

Home Alone Quotes In the 1990 movie Home Alone, 8-year-old Kevin McCallister is accidentally left behind (via a series of unlikely events) while the rest of his family is on vacation in Europe for the Christmas holidays. Kevin believes the situation is due to his wish that his family would disappear, so (for some reason) does not seem alarmed, and doesnt contact the authorities. Unfortunately for Kevin, two bumbling robbers (played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern) are casing the neighborhood looking for homes whose occupants are away on vacation. They settle on Kevins house, but he prepares a series of booby traps to keep them from entering. Eventually, Kevins family returns and the bad guys get caught. The movie was a huge box-office success  and launched the acting career of child star Macauley Culkin, who played Kevin. It spawned four sequels, each increasingly more far-fetched (this family cant possibly abandon their child so frequently, after all).   Quotes From Home Alone Kevin: When I grow up and get married Im living alone! Did you hear me? Im living alone! Im living alone! Im living alone! Kevin: I made my family disappear. I made my family disappear! Kevin: Bless this highly nutritious microwavable macaroni and cheese dinner and the people who sold it on sale. Amen. Kevin: This is my house, I have to defend it. Kevin: Hey, Im not afraid anymore! I said Im not afraid anymore! Do you hear me? Im not afraid anymore! Kevin: You guys give up yet? Or are you thirsty for more? Kevin: Down here, you idiots! Come and get me before I call the police! Kevin: Will you please tell Santa that instead of presents this year, I just want my family back. Harry (first burglar): Merry Christmas, little fella! We know that youre in there and that youre all alone. Harry: You bomb me with one more can, kid, and Ill snap off your cajones and boil them in motor oil! Harry: Its too late for you, kid; were already in the house. Were gonna get ya! Marv (second burglar): Yeah, come on, kid, open up. Its Santa Claus... and his elf! Marv: Hes a kid. Kids are stupid. I know I was. Marley (Kevins elderly neighbor): You live down the street from me, right? You know anytime you see me you can always say hello, you dont have to be afraid. A lot of stuff has been said about me... none of its true. Kevin: No offense, arent you too old to be afraid?Marley: You can be too old for a lot of things, but youre never too old to be afraid. Kate McCallister (Kevins mother): This is Christmas, the season of perpetual hope. And I dont care if I have to get out on your runway and hitchhike. If it costs me everything I own, if I have to sell my soul to the devil himself, I am going to get home to my son. Kate McCallister: How could we do this? We forgot him.Peter McCallister (Kevins father): We didnt forget him, we just miscounted.Kate: What kind of a mother am I?Frank: If it makes you feel any better, I forgot my reading glasses.

Math 157 course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math 157 course - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that mathematics is a fundamental tool that is used to solve puzzles occurring in nature. Thus teaching mathematics not only provided learners with a useful concept but also problem-solving strategies. Data analysis is a fundamental concept that we covered in the first week through the course. This involves processes used to inspect, clean and model data to derive useful information.   In this context, data refers to raw information obtained from the field or a real experiment. Real data is more complex than data used for class practice. Complexities of real data required us to apply data analysis software such as SPSS and Stata. Moreover, data collection is a costly procedure and, therefore, statisticians require the knowledge of probability. The concept of probability explains the outcomes of random events and the likelihood of certain occurrences. These concepts are useful in determining samples in a field study or a survey. The concep ts of probability are established on the existence of a sample space consisting of possible outcomes and ratios that represent each possibility. For example, a coin tossing experiment has two outcomes and a sample space sample S = {H, T}, with P (H) =P (T) =  ½. In the third, fourth and fifth week we covered the concepts of geometry. Geometry provides essential mathematical concepts that are used to describe the size, shape and relative position of an object.

Ned Kelly and Nations Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ned Kelly and Nations Culture - Essay Example His main distinction seems to have been the trouble the police experienced in capturing him. A question that comes to mind, however, is whether the Ned Kelly syndrome of contempt for legality and the law is still a force in modern bourgeois Australia. There is rationale to believe that the Australia which created the Ned Kelly myth might not now be so compassionate to it. Not only does Australia have around twice the average personal throwaway income than the Britain which sent out the convicts now has, but Australians now distinguish themselves as overwhelmingly middle class. Martin elaborates facts to demonstrate that while only one-third of the British see themselves as middle class (or better), roughly two-thirds of Australians fall into the same category. Times have changed. In spite of this, though, Laurie reports findings that imply that the Ned Kelly morality may be very much alive and kicking-- at least among our young people. In his work he found that 99% had at some time stolen and that 75% said they would give up again in at least one of a set of imaginary temptation scenarios. One of the set of scenarios was that of shoplifting. Ned Kelly would certainly feel at home today given these results. (Laurie, 67) Nevertheless, children have not learnt the restraints and more "responsible" attitudes that are expected of adults so the problem of attitude to crime among the population in general remains an open one. It is the objective of this paper to supply data which might help expound the question either way. Understandably, sympathy for Ned Kelly in contemporary Australia would be much less than it once was. A certain respect for the criminal is no longer characteristically Australian. Australians have become entirely bourgeois in their attitudes to crime as in their attitudes to other things. Sympathy for small crime such as shoplifting is now as indicative of estrangement from Australian society as it would be in other countries. As observed by Laurie, the existing culture has also been valuable for the number of commonsense hypotheses about inter-group differences that they prove to be sham. (Laurie, 110) Particularly they are at some discrepancy with the results reported by Martin (Martin, 91). This difference could barely be accounted for by age as the two samples would seem to have been very similar in this respect. It is more possibly to be accounted for by the diverse type of questions asked on the two occasions. The existing sample revealed that schoolboys disapproved of shoplifting. Martin showed that on some occasions they might engage in small crime and deceit. That attitudes and behavior may be at dissent is well-known -- the well-known "Do as I say, not as I do" syndrome. In such situations the incongruity between the present results and the Martin results is only evident. What has been revealed is that there is very little social support for shoplifting in modern-day Australia. Mythical thinking, Laurie tells us, is a rational form of bricolage (Laurie, 89) the bricoleur is a man who makes as well as he can what is required from what he finds to hand. He casts about,

The Protectionist Policies of Developed World Essay Example for Free

The Protectionist Policies of Developed World Essay Globalization is the process of rapid global economic integration by both developed and undeveloped countries. The principle of globalization aims to facilitate lower transaction costs and barriers of the movement of capital and goods (Cable, 1999; in Manning and Baines, 2004), in which the said countries are involved.  Ã‚   It can be said that globalization is the world market and the supply chain is the pipeline that channels the flow of supply. However, globalization may cause smaller and weaker economic role players (such as developing countries) to be at a disadvantage whenever they trade with highly developed and more influential countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the point of view of participating poor countries from Asia, Africa and the Middle East to the world market, the negotiations on economic protectionist policies have been formulated and executed through the GATT-WTO (Government Agreement on Tariff and Trade of the World Trade Organizations). The protectionist policies of participating economies representing the developed countries are embodied in the said organization. The negotiations, as cited, has been framed primarily on: (1) integration of agricultural trade rules of non-agricultural sectors, (2) incorporation of developing countries into the trade system, (3) management of trade impact of cash-out in farm support to countries under OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), and (4) provision of assurance on health and safety for consumers (Josling, 2003). In short, the framers of the negotiations under the GATT-WTO sufficed as the protective principles or safety net to the rules on participating in the world market. However, it is common knowledge within the agricultural and agro-industrial sector that among the impacts of the GATT-WTO to the poor and developing economies is its incapability to meet the volume of supply to the exporting countries, to which the efficiency of production is unable to sustain the given supply contract of exports. In this predicament, the ‘relatively poorer’ or developing countries would then cooperate with direct economic resource managements, exemplified by joint venture investments in the form of import and export—wherein foreign traders’ capital investment in manufacturing basically gains from cheap raw materials and labor. In effect, the poor and developing countries are dictated by the commodity pricing together with the ruling on supply regulation that has affected the domestic revenue generation. Another consideration on the impacts of the GATT-WTO to the poor and developing economies is its incapability to meet the volume of supply to the exporting countries, to which the efficiency of production is unable to sustain the given supply contract of exports. To cite an example, the withdrawal of cotton subsidy to several countries of Eastern and Western Africa has largely affected the production performance, in which cotton production in developing countries has significant role in poverty alleviation (Gillson, Balcombe, and Page, 2004). To cite, the GATT-WTO is taking part in agricultural trade reforms being represented by the rich and developed countries but benefit low-income farm households (Hertel, et.al., 2007). In this regard, it may be said that the protectionist policies of developed countries protect their interest at the global distribution and acquisition of economy. Therefore, despite the continuing negotiation on GATT-WTO, the restriction on agricultural trade has great impact to the poor and developing countries. On the other hand, the oversupplying of imported agricultural equipment and technologies that claim to enhance production efficiency serves the ploy of powerful countries to impose the requirements on exports and imports. The imposition of the so-called efficient and qualitative agricultural products remains a barrier to the poor and developing countries to compete in the world market. Thus, the ultimate impact is the over-dependency of the poor and developing countries to export-import economic orientation and controlling of the rich countries to the overall economic supply chain that amass the domestic distribution of economy and, in effect, leaves the poor countries in extreme poverty. List of References    Gillson, I., Poulton, C., Balcombe, K. and Page, S. (2004). Understanding the impact of Cotton Subsidies on developing countries. Working Paper [29 Febraury 2008] Josling, T. (2003) Key Issues in the World Trade Organization Negotiation on Agriculture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85(3), 663-67, American Agricultural   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economics Association. [29 February 2008] Leclair, M. (2002) Fighting the Tide: Alternative Trade Organizations in the Era of Global Free   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trade. World Development Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 949–958, 2002. Available from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev [29 February 2008] Manning L. and Baines, R.N. (2004) Globalization: a study of the poultry-meat supply chain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available from [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0007-070X.htm [29 February 2008] Steinberg, F. (2008) The Impact of the Emerging Powers on the World Economy. Real Instituto   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elcano (ARI) International Economy and Trade, Issue: 1 January 2008. [29 February 2008] Thomas W. Hertel, T., Keeney, R., Ivanic, M. and Winters, L.A. (2007) WTO agricultural reforms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Policy, Printed in Great Britain [29 February 2008]

Factors That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay

Factors That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay This paper identifies the factors that influence the household and individual food consumption. Since food is the most important item of the consumption basket, an analysis of the changes in food consumption pattern over time has a special significance which is the most important component for low and middle income groups. Food expenditure pattern is an excellent indicator of economic well being of people. Economic Development is not only brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant population but it also influences the levels of living in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence. Keyword -Expenditure, Consumption Patterns, Food Consumption and Household Consumer Expenditure, Factors affecting food consumption pattern. Introduction: The analysis of changing food consumption pattern over time would help in designing appropriate policies related to food production and distribution .Increasing number of working women, rise in per capita income, changing lifestyles and increasing level of affluence in the middle income group have also brought about changes in food habits. Rapid urbanization and sociological changes like the desire on the part of the housewives to spend less time in kitchen, the increased value for leisure, weakening of family ties, increased impact of television and its advertisement as well as changing life styles of the families, have brought about the changes in food consumption pattern. Since food is the most important item of the consumption basket, an analysis of the changes in food consumption pattern over time has a special significance which is the most important component for low and middle income groups. Food expenditure pattern is an excellent indicator of economic well being of people. If the society is wealthy proportionately high expenditure will be made on secondary necessities, comfort, luxury products and conspicuous consumption. On the other, if the society is at subsistence level, people will spend proportionately more on food. Engels law also states that the poorer the family, the greater is the proportion of its total income devoted to provision of food. Economic Development is not only brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant population but it also influences the levels of living in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence. Due to variations in natural resources endowments; physical and climatic conditions; economic factors like income, prices and the extent of magnetization; demographic factors like household size and degree of urbanization and cultural factors are likely to influence consumption expenditure pattern. Such diverse socio-economic, demographic and cultural factors are reflected in the inequality in the distribution of consumption expenditure as it is revealed by the national sample survey organization data on consumption expenditure in India. Food consumption has been a subject of research all over the world. It is especially meaningful in developing countries where food expenditure accounts for a relatively large share of household income. Studies on food consumption shed light on food related nutritional policies. They provide estimates of how food consumption is affected by change in prices, income and taxation policies ( Dune and Edkins 2005) The studies on food consumption pattern or expenditure pattern are very important as it is related to poverty and standard of our society. Food being the foremost basic need gets the priority in the expenditure of people, especially the poor classes. It is necessary to study the change in food consumption pattern under the changing situation of liberalization, privatization and globalization. After liberalization began in 1991, though much attention has been paid to the reduction in head count ratio, less priority have been accorded to the magnitude and pattern of food consumption. Ray and Lancaster (2005) have recently shown that the link had weakened to the extent that the official poverty line in India today is quite out of step with that based on the household minimum calorie requirements. This necessitates an analysis on the magnitude and trend in food consumption, especially cereals, over the reform period in India, in view of their strong implications for food and nutrition securities. This study provides evidence on the magnitude and patterns in food consumption status of both rural and urban population. There is a strong indication that improvement in the levels of living might not have been distributed well and certain pockets of the states might have remained impoverished in spite of their overall growth. While studies abound on the consumption expenditure among rural and urban households for various expenditure classes at macro level, very few studies have been done at micro level to explain the rural urban differences in the consumption pattern. Per capita income and food consumption both are the indicators of human development but food consumption is a better indicator of human welfare. Indias faster economic growth over 1990s has raised per capita income (expenditure) and has significantly impacted its food consumption patterns by causing a change in the structure of food consumption patterns observed earlier during pre-reforms period. This raises the relevance of looking at the composition of Indias food consumption basket. Changes in the composition of food consumption expenditure during the 1990s, including the shift from cereals to non-cereal items against the background of a decline in food expenditure share, occurred right across the growth spectrum and raise the issue of the nutritional implications of food items particularly during post-reforms period. Purpose: The purpose of this study of the literature was to determine which factors influence household and individual food consumption. Literature Review: Numerous studies have been made in recent years on the trends of poverty, inequality and level of living in Indian states during the 1990s. Some have highlighted the reduction in poverty (Sundaram and Tendulkar 2003; Bhanumurthy and Mitra 2004), while some others have expressed anguish over the rising economic inequality (Deaton and Dreze, 2002; Sen and Himanshu, 2004; Krishna, 2004).There is a common feeling that although there has been some overall improvement in the average levels of living of people across the majority of states, those who were already on a better footing could reap the advantages of the economic reforms in the 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s and experience faster growth, while there was no tangible improvement for the poorest few. Again, the rural -urban expenditure gap, believed to have widened overtime, needs meticulous scrutiny. Campbell (1960) conducted a survey and had given a comparison between older persons and younger persons at identical income level. Younger people, at all income level, spend more on clothing, furniture and miscellaneous items than older people but less on medical care. David (1962) studies revealed that the size of the family and frequency of purchasing durables, kinds of durable purchased and the substitution of durables for commercial services hampers the consumption pattern of households. Chatterjee (1962) on the basis on NSS consumption expenditure data for rural and urban areas and six zones has been estimated for elasticities on expenditures on food. Gupta(1968) has compared the differences in overall consumption patterns in the state of UP and Tamil Nadu for the reason of their known and distinct economic , social and cultural differences .The study has concluded that there exist significant differences in consumer expenditure on various categories of item in those states in general as well as also between rural and urban regions in each of two states. Kwang (1972) had analyzed the effect of income as well as other economic and social demographic characteristics on households consumption expenditure significantly among different groups. Chatterjee Bhattacharya(1972) have constructed indices of consumer price differential between the rural areas of different states of India with NSS 18th round data. Rao(1977), in her study has tried to identify some measures at development in order to identify backward regions and subsequently to examine the trends in inter regional and inter sectoral disparities in India. The study by Sarkar(1983) based on NSS consumer expenditure data for 13,16,21 28 rounds supports the hypothesis that level of living and expenditure pattern differs over the states. Kumar and Aggarwal (2004) determined the extent of poverty in Delhi slums through consumption patterns, employment and educational status of the slum population. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FOOD CONSUMPTION: Income: Income is an important means of widening the range of consumption options, especially as economies around the world become increasingly monetized. Income gives people the ability to buy diverse, nutritious foods instead of eating only their own crops, to pay for motorized transport instead of walking, to pay for health care and education for their families, to pay for water from a tap instead of walking for many hours to collect it from a well. The increasing dependence of much consumption on private income means that changes in income have a dominant influence on changes · in consumption. When incomes rise steadily consumption rises for most of the population. But for the same reason, when incomes decline, consumption also falls sharply, with devastating consequences for human well being. Demographic Characteristics: The demographic characteristics have an important bearing on the level of income, consumption expenditure and saving of the society. Features like rate of growth of population, educational level of the head of the household and other members, the age of the members of the household, the size of the family are some of the factors which have a direct effect on the saving of the community, especially in the rural areas. According to Leff (1969) this factor as a determinant of saving had been left out because, this hypothesis had not been validated by extensive empirical testing Level of Education: The level of education of the head of the household and that of other members of the family determines the nature of occupation they are involved in, the level of income that they get and the motivations for saving. Also the level of education of the female members of the community is likely to have a positive influence on the saving rate Size and Pattern of Assets: For any economic unit wealth reflects the net result of accumulated saving, revaluation of assgets and capital transfers ever since the unit came into existence. The size and pattern of assets held by the households determine the income enjoyed by the household as also the amount of income saved and the pattern of investment of saving. Time use: Opportunities to consume can be severely limited by lack of time. Women, spend many hours a day meeting the households needs and have no time left for education, better health care or community activities. Similarly, overworked labourers may receive an adequate wage. but they often work long hours and are denied the opportunity of regular leave. Information: Information is the key to raising awareness of the range of consumption options available and enabling the consumer to decide which choices are best. Without information. there is no way of knowing what goods and services are available in the market. and what services are being provided by the state and are. By right, available to all. Advertising and public information campaigns play an important role in this respect. Social barriers: Income cannot always remove barriers to access to opportunities. This is particularly so when considerations of gender, class or ethnicity limit peoples freedom to consume the goods and services they want. For example, people belonging to certain ethnic groups might be denied equal access to education, employment and other basic social services by the state, regardless of how much they earn. The household- decision-making and upbringing: Much analysis of consumer decision-making assumes that the person making the decision is the one who will directly benefit from the consumption. This is far from the truth in many cases. A great deal of household consumption decision making is in the hands of one person-often the mother or the father of the family. Although this may lead to good outcomes, it can also be a source of inequity within the family- Household values has a wider effect on the consumption options of individual members. The education and upbringing given to children early in life play a critical part in establishing their ability to make good use of the options available for living a full and fulfilling life. The remarkable expansion and diversification in consumption options have made it more difficult for consumers to make informed choices. Globalization and Consumption: As a result of increased purchasing power and opportunity to purchase, a change was manifest in the activity of consumption. The definition of what constitutes a necessity is changing, and the distinctions between luxuries and necessities are blurring. Globalization is integrating not just trade, investment and financial markets; it is also integrating consumer markets around the world and opening opportunities. This has two effects i.e. economic and social. Economic integration has accelerated the opening of consumer markets with a constant flow of new products. There is fierce competition to sell to consumers worldwide, with increasingly aggressive advertising. On the social side local and national boundaries are breaking down in the setting of social standards and aspirations in consumption. Technological Advancement: Another important factor that has changed the rural consumption pattern in recent years is the technological advancement in agriculture which has in turn raised the income of the rural population. The increased income is likely to be used for consuming more of the items which are already in their commodity basket. This may increase their choices of falling on goods with sensory appeal such as sweets, tobacco, drugs and intoxicants and also those goods and services associated with prestige and status. Summary and Conclusion: This study shows that food plays a central part in the culture, traditions . Important events such as weddings, funerals, and religious celebrations are all accompanied by food specifically prepared for the occasion. Consumption of traditional food is largely associated with poverty and consequently, as people move to the city, they change their diet to a typical westernised diet with a high fat content and low carbohydrate intake (Bourne et al., 1996). Our study found that this population associated meat with high socio-economic standing and therefore tried to consume it on daily basis. Our findings are confirmed by those of Wong et al. (1984) who examined a relationship between household income, level and expense and consumption of food in urban marginal areas of Mexico. The authors found a marked tendency to increase consumption of high protein foods as family income increased. It emphasizes the critical importance of taking these factors into consideration in developing strategie s for modifying eating practices.

Hip Hop Essay

Music has been around since the beginning of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we know just have many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. It’s increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances has made it easy for Hip Hop to spread out globally. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices become fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world. Hip hop originated in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a joke between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, it’s influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). Spoken word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic youth without violence. Hip Hop in the beginning was essentially still an underground subculture. It was popular with many ethnic communities but it was not popular in the mainstream music industry. This all changed with the band Blondie and their song â€Å"Rapture†. â€Å"Rapture† is one of the first rap song’s to reach the top of the charts in mainstream pop music. Although Blondie is a punk/rock band, they were the proper catalyst to give Hip Hop the mainstream attention it deserved. Hip Hop has changed since it’s birth in the 1970’s. Hip Hop is now apart of the mainstream music scene. It is not uncommon to see artist from different genres collaborating with Hip Hop artists. It is also not uncommon to see Hip Hop music and culture in movies, television shows, and commercials. In the past you would only see people from ethnic communities wearing Hip Hop clothing, now all races including Asian, Caucasian, etc have accepted the Hip Hop style. The subject matter has also changed. In the past Hip Hop lyrics focused on political and societal frustrations, now Hip Hop lyrics steer more toward provocative content. Hip Hop subject matter consists mostly of the aspirations of wealth, sex, drug use, and criminal activity. During the beginning years the age of the Hip Hop listener was wide spread. It ranged from teens to even adults in their 50’s. Although Hip Hop still has an adult audience, it is now more geared toward younger audiences. Younger listeners are more likely to purchase Hip Hop music and paraphernalia, than the older audience. As Blondie helped Hip Hop garner increased exposure in the United States, The internet and other advancements in technology helped Hip Hop gain global exposure. Technological changes in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first have enabled access to the social spaces previously bounded by time and geographic borders; a process identified by John Thompson as mediazation—a flow of images across time and space (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). The internet has created a world without barriers and borders. The internet helps connect people from Hong Kong, to people in Bellevue, Washington. Without the internet we would not have social networking. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, exposes us to different ideas, cultures, and music. MySpace is the leading social networking site when it comes to music. MySpace allows musicians from all over the globe to share their music with a diverse audience. User can find international music that they would not have been exposed to if MySpace was not created. Because of these connections to international music outlets Hip Hop has been able to spread to many countries. Many Countries have acquired Hip Hop into their own music scene. Many of these countries have mixed Hip Hop with their own popular music to form a new kind of Hip Hop. As more music driven social networking sites are created blending of different music cultures will be the norm. Japan has been one of the top countries for globalization of music. You can find reggae, dance hall, death metal, or Hip Hop blaring from clubs. Hip Hop has been the most popular type of music to globalize into the Japanese music market. Japan was introduced to hip hop in the fall of 1983 in the movie Wild Style (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop, 2010). This movie created an underground buzz. Soon Hip Hop in Japan began to be embraced by the Japanese youth. They ere inspired by the popular B-boy style of the western Hip Hop Culture. In the 21st Hip Hop’s popularity has become mainstream. Young Japanese listeners have also adopt the dress culture as well, wearing baggy clothes, and backward caps. Because Hip Hop in America focuses on the hard life living in the ghetto, some think that Japanese Hip Hop is not authentic. With a lack of ghettos, Japanese youth consider hip hop to be more about fashion–baggy jeans, medallions, dread locks. Actual Japanese rap lyrics have a tendency to refer to mundane subjects such as food, cell phones, and shopping (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop†, 2010). The Japanese subculture of â€Å"blackfacers† may also challenge Japanese Hip Hop authenticity. The Japanese pop group, the Gosperats, has been known to wear black face makeup during performances (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop, 2010). This example of imitation will most likely not be embraced by western â€Å"Hip Hop Heads† (Avid Hip Hop Listeners). Many would think that instead of taking Hip Hop into their own hands and constructing something different and new for the genre, they just ride on the backs of western Hip Hop creativity. Brazil is another country that has adopted Hip Hop culture into their own culture. Brazilian Hip Hop was born in the barrios (ghettos) of Brazil. The Brazilian youth were drawn to the western Hip Hop culture. Hip Hop gave them a platform to voice the political and economic turmoil of living in the barrio. To escape their impoverished lives, break dancers, DJs, graffiti artists, and rappers would meet at the Largo de Sao Bento and in the center of Sao Paulo on weekends, where Brazilian rap’s distinctive sound (often incorporating roots, samba, and reggae) and lyrics began to be developed (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). This integration of Hip Hop and Brazilian based music birthed Baile Funk. Baile Funk can be described as Hip Hop as it might sound in the post-apocalyptic wasteland of Mad Max (Edlund, 2005). This wild sound of Baile Funk screams the pain of the Brazilian slums. Brazilian Hip Hop has garnered much respect world wide. It’s authentic sound, and unapologetic, infectious beats have inspired artist everywhere. Because the Brazilian youth choose to hybridize the Brazilian and hip hop sound, they are respected for their originality. Latin Hip Hop is significant because of the close proximity that Latino countries such as Mexico and Cuba are to America. Latino Hip Hop developed within the youth community. The Latino youth could relate to the hard life Hip Hop artist had in the ghetto. Many Latino Hip Hop acts were created by youth frustration in substandard living conditions. Because of the border between Mexico and the United States, Mexican Hip Hop was greatly influenced by western Hip Hop. The mixture of Spanish lyrics with American ones created a â€Å"Spanglish† sound. Control Machete, founded in 1995, is most accurately classified as hip-hop, blended with the distinctive sounds of traditional Mexican guitar harmonies and the rhythms of danzon (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). This mix was used to target the Mexican youth to seek change of political and social problems amongst the Mexican community. These Mexican Hip Hop bands have also garnered a substantial following in the United States; because of the close proximity to the U. S. music flowing in both directions increase the influence of the Mexican music scene (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). Cuba is another Latin country affected by Hip Hop music. Even though trade and travel between the United States and Cuba is restricted ,Hip Hop has still been able to influence their music. Cuban citizens were suppressed in many ways including free speech in journalism. Music was the only outlet to air political, economic, and social grievances. Songs about prostitution, street life, poverty, domestic violence, obsession with money, class differences, and the lack of spiritual and ethical values abound, and their biting, poetic criticism is a refreshing antidote to the island’s lifeless press (â€Å"Cuban Hip Hop†, 2008). Lastly, Europe has not been able to dodge the influence of Hip Hop culture. The British Hip Hop scene is still forming an audience in the United States, while it has wide spread popularity in it’s native U. K. British grime is the fusion of cockney slang with hard beats, and Hip Hop flavor. The style grew out of London’s mostly black projects, called council estates, sometime around 2002, and spread via pirate radio, which functions in Britain essentially as mix tapes do here (Edlund, 2005). French Hip Hop is also alive in Europe. This is an incredible feat because French culture is usually very resistant to American influences. Although French Hip Hop is mainstream in Europe, it has not garnered much success in the states. Throughout the past twenty years, the French hip-hop community has cultivated its own style and sensibilities while staying closely connected to American artists via music videos, concerts, radio, and other media (Hip Hop Music and Culture, 2005). There are many questions about the true authenticity of these forms of Hip Hop. With the exception of the Japanese Hip Hop Movement, it can be said with confidence that authenticity has been achieved. While the Japanese Hip Hop movement stays true to the old school rap values and mentality, it does not go further than that. It does not seek to mix cultural influences with it’s music like the other countries. The European, Latino, and Brazilian Hip Hop movement have all mixed their culture, old and new to build something that is truly their own. By adding each countries unique social, economic, and political turmoil, each international Hip Hop genre speaks a song of oppression, pain, and hope for the future that their own culture can relate to and value. Besides the Japanese Hip Hop community all other Hip Hop communities chose to hybridize their cultures with Hip Hop. The Japanese Hip Hop culture sought to homogenize itself. They seem to be more focus on imitating American Hip Hop life instead of building their own experiences. The adaptation of Hip Hop internationally is not really different in each country. Although there problems may be different, they have the common denominator of being powered by the youth. Each Culture’s youth has grabbed hold of the Western Hip Hop ideals to create their own individuality in their own country. Also, Hip Hop seems to flourish is poor societies. These artist have more heart felt words to speak and genuine creativity because when you are brought up in such poor societal conditions that is sometimes all you have to hold on to. Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in conventional ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many believe that globalization will be the end of individuality and creativity. This has been a theory that seems to fail when put up against Hip Hop globalization. Hip Hop Globalization has proven to hybridize communities and music,that in the end forms something that has never been seen before. Globalization may prove that instead of making the world â€Å"flat†, it will create new mountains and craters of creativity that were never imagined.

Rickshaw and Tenant

Relationship between an owner of the asset and his tenant. Introduction: This case study revolves around a man who is working as an auto rickshaw driver in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. He belongs to a poor family. So he has chosen to drive auto rickshaw in the suburbs of the city. He is actually working as a tenant for his owner. His owner has given him his asset and requires a fixed amount of money in return on daily basis. The name of the auto rickshaw driver is Mohammad Slam. He is 38 years old. He is basically a driver by profession. He has been driving an auto rickshaw from the last two years.Before coming into this field, he was working as a chauffeur for a family. He was quite happy working there but unfortunately he had to dismiss that Job as that family had moved abroad. Since he had no other work related to his field, so he decided to drive auto rickshaw in the main city. He lives in a rented house in the area of Model town, Lahore. He is married and has three children. He has to feed four persons in his family. Problems/Challenges of the tenant: According to M. Slam, he is surviving from hand to mouth. Whatever he earns, he spends it too quickly. He doesn't have any savings with him.He has four dependents that he has to look after. He said that his family is happy with him but he is not satisfied with his Job. He earns quite less as far as his expectations are concerned. He wants to start his own business. He believes that he can stay happy and earn more only if he does his own business. By working under this profession, he earns less. Sometimes he can't pay off his children's school fees. So this also creates a lot of problems for the tenant. He also complained that he has to bear all the expenses of the vehicle. All the repairing and maintenance charges are borne by the tenant.In case of any loss or accident, the tenant has to pay for those expenses. The petrol and C. N. G costs are also borne by the tenant. If expenses exceed RSI. 500 then the ow ner has to pay for that. There is also no written agreement or contact between the tenant and his owner. The owner trusted this guy and handed over his vehicle to him. There is only a verbal agreement between the two parties. Opinion of the owner: The owner of the asset is quite satisfied with the tenant because he gets RSI. 300 on daily basis. He earns RSI. 9000 from his auto rickshaw on monthly basis.He doesn't eave to worry much because he has to get his fixed amount from his tenant whether he has earned or not. Business outcomes: The tenant is not happy with this contract as he earns less. The owner is happy because he gets paid whether there is any earning or not. There is also no written contract between the two parties. There is no evidence available of this contract. There can be many learning outcomes derived out of this case study. In order to make this owner-tenant relationship better and strong, there should be a proper written agreement or a contract between the two par ties.Both the parties should eave evidence in writing. In case of any mishap or loss, they could show the written evidence to the respective authorities. Also, the owner should understand the nature of work of the tenant. He should show some leniency towards his tenant. The fixed amount of money should be less and it should be agreed upon the two parties. The tenant should be happy with the agreed amount as well the owner. Both the parties should be happy with this contract. The relationship between the two parties can be improved more if the owner takes the security of the tenant. He should minimize the rental amount.He should understand the problems faced by the tenant. He should support his tenant in every possible way. Finance facilities should be provided to the tenant so that he faces less problems in his life. Banks and specialized institutions should provide micro financing facilities to such tenants so that they can enjoy working in their profession. Owners are happy in thi s relationship but the tenants are not happy. They can remain happy if their financial burden is minimized. So the government should really consider this point as the number of tenants are increasing day by day in our country.Case Study no. 2 Relationship between an owner and a female tenant. This case study is about a woman, Near Bibb, who is working as a tenant. She is of 50 years of age. She has been working as a tenant for about six years. Her work is to sit on a permitted ground and sell roasted grams and beards. She is authorized to sit on that area and the permission is granted by her owner. She is married and has six children, four daughters and two sons. Two of her elder daughters and a son is married. She has to feed her three younger children. Her husband doesn't cooperate with her and doesn't give her any money.He is involved in drugs so she has left him. She works independently and feed hers three children. Her married son also doesn't give her any money. She is the sol e earner in her house at the moment. She comes from the Karol Road and lives in a rented house. Problems/Challenges faced by the tenant: She has to travel from her home to her work daily and gives RSI. 40 for one trip. That meaner she has to bear a total of RSI. 80 of the traveling expenses on a daily basis. She pays his owner RSI. 200 per day which makes RSI. 6000 a month. She is surviving from hand to mouth.She is the only person who is earning for her family. His husband doesn't support her at all as he is involved in drugs and bad vices. Near Bibb is not well physically. She had undergone a surgery. She said that all the medicines expenditure is also borne by her. She spends RSI. 2500 monthly on her medicines. Woman. She comes at 9 0 clock in the morning and goes back around at 6 pm in the evening. Her Job is really tough but still she has to do it as there is no other source of income. She also said that the workers working in her nearby are all good people and they've never te ased or disturbed her ever.She also said that she wanted to go broad and live there happily as she earned less here in Pakistan. The owner is quite happy with this contract because he gets paid on a fixed amount on daily basis. He earns RSI. 6000 from this agreement in a month. He is satisfied with his tenant because she is an honest working woman. He is very lenient with his tenant. Even if she has not earned much, he agrees to take less amount as well. He is very cooperative. Business Outcomes: The owner is happy with this relationship but the tenant is not happy. She faces a lot of financial problems. Her expenses exceed her income.She has to pay for her medical expenses as well. She feed three of her children. She has no one to support in her family. But she is satisfied with her owner because even if she doesn't earn Upton the agreed amount, her owner doesn't say her anything and agrees to take whatever she has earned in a day. Learning Outcomes: There should be a written contr act between the owner and his tenant. There should be written evidence. The owner should understand the problems of his tenant. Both the parties should agree upon a fixed amount which is accepted by the tenant. There should be no work load on the tenant.The tenant has chosen to work in a busy area here she can get more customers. So this could also be a learning point. She did not work near her residential area but she chose to work in a more commercial area in order to get more customers. She hardly manages to pay RSI. 80 as her traveling expense daily so that she can work in an area where she could earn more. Case Study no. 3: The relationship between owner of the asset and his tenant. This case study is about a young tenant who is twenty four years old. His name is Shaded. He is driving an auto rickshaw on rental basis. He has been into this profession since the last six months.He is Just a starter. When we interviewed him, we came to know that he has come from a very poor backgr ound. His parent couldn't afford education for him. That's why he had no other choice left and he thought of is into a contract with his owner since the last six months. He lives with his family and is not married yet. Thus he has to take responsibility of his parent's and siblings only. Problems faced by the tenant: Shaded said that he earns around more than RSI. 8000 in a month. His owner acquires a rent of RSI. 300 daily from him. That meaner he has to pay his owner a total of around RSI. 9000 per month whether he earns or not.The owner will acquire this amount from him at any cost. The tenant also claimed that if he fails to pay him the required amount, his owner wouldn't show any leniency. Rather he might throw him out of this contract. The tenant complained that his earnings were less according to his salary expectations. He doesn't earn much. He has to feed six member of his family and has to look after their wants and needs as well. It is really difficult to even provide two meals per day to his family members. He is surviving in his life from hand to mouth. The tenant protested that his Job is really tough.He works more than ten hours in a day. He also said that there are no fixed timings in this Job. Sometimes he has to drive the auto rickshaw day and night. But still he is not happy with his Job. He has to bear all the repairs and maintenance cost of the vehicle as well. He also has to bear all the petrol and gasoline expenses. The owner of the asset is happy and satisfied as long as he is receiving the rent on time. The owner doesn't have any problems with his tenant. He says that his tenant's behavior is quite good. His relationship can improve with his tenant only if he gives rent to him on time.If we give a deep insight into this contract, we come to see that the owner is quite happy with this relationship but the tenant is not happy at all. Tenant is earning less according to his expectations. He doesn't have any savings at all. Whatever he ear ns spends it. Thus we can say that the tenant is not happy with this contract. He is not at all excited when he goes to work. This Job serves as a compulsion for him as he has no other option. The owner of the asset is happy because he is earning good. But the tenant is not happy. The basic learning outcome that comes out be is that the owner should show mom leniency to the tenant.If the tenant cannot pay the required amount to his owner on time due to some problem, the owner shouldn't threaten him that he would fire him from the Job. Instead the owner should understand the problems of the tenant. If the tenant asks for some leniency from his owner's side, he should show it. If the tenant cannot pay the required rent or if he earns less in a day, the owner should take whatever he gets from him. He shouldn't argue with his tenant in this matter. The government also shouldn't charge any amount from the rickshaw drivers charges should be borne by the owner himself.There should be a wri tten agreement between the two parties so that they possess some evidence of this contract. Case Study no. 4: The relationship between an owner of the asset and a tenant. This case study revolves around a man named Hosannas who is working as a tenant and drives wagon on rental basis. He is thirty three years old. He has been into this profession from the last two years. His monthly earnings vary from time to time. Sometimes he earn more and sometimes less. He doesn't have a fixed salary. But he said that he earns more than eight thousand rupees in a month. He is a citizen ofLahore and has a house of himself. He is happily married and has one kid. He said that he has only two dependents in his family. He doesn't have much burden on his shoulders as he has to feed only two family members. This case study was a bit different and interesting as the tenant was quite satisfied with his Job. He earned well and said that his earnings matched up to his expectations. He has to work for more t han ten hours in a day. He also said that his job is tough but he still finds it interesting. He said that this Job is the only source of earnings for him so he has to work with full interest.He is very excited when he goes to work daily. The only problem he faced in his profession was the toughness of his job. His relationship with his owner is also good. His owner treats him fairly. His owner is happy with him if he pays the rent on time. The tenant is happy sometimes with the way his Job is going. He also manages easily with his current salary. The owner of the asset is satisfied with the tenant. The tenant behaves with him in a very polite manner. They never argue with each other. The owner is happy with this Both the owner and the tenant are quite satisfied with this contract.Their needs and wants are being fulfilled to an extent. They can improvise this relationship even more if they remain in good terms and behave with each other properly. Both the parties should understand e ach other's problems and support in business matters. The owner should remain lenient with his tenant. He should understand his nature of Job and its related problems as well. He shouldn't put a burden on him. He shouldn't be strict with him. He should let his tenant work with ease. This case study order to strengthen this relationship, both the parties should sign a written agreement of this contract.

Dressing Up Case Essay Example

Dressing Up Case Essay Example Dressing Up Case Essay Dressing Up Case Essay Kohls has several external areas and trends that their strategic managers have to face every day. First, and possibly the most obvious, is their existing competitors. Kohls has to deal with J. C. Penny, Target, Sears, Macys and Wall-Mart as their competition. Theyve most recently had to keep up with Target and J. C. Pennys trends of the cheap chic look when Kohls released their Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez product lines. Demographic is the next external area. Kohls target customers are young mothers. That being said, the largest generation of young people since the mores, Generation Y, consists of young mothers. This single external area helped determine their location since they believed their target customer didnt have the time for a long drive to a mall location and dealing with parking hassles. 2. If I was a strategic decision maker at the headquarters of Kohls, I would primarily want to know the general environment sectors: Economic, Demographic, Calculators, Political-Legal, and Technological. These would be important to me because they are more big picture areas than that of the specific environment. If I was a local store anger for Kohls, I would want information from the specific environment: Consumers, Possible Competitors, and Resource Providers. This is because local management has direct contact with the customers and suppliers sales representatives. 3. Kohls is recognizing the trend of convenience and is making Kohls shopping experience with technological ease. Kohls. Com has let customers view their products online and even view an expanded selection of merchandise. Kohls have allowed for a customer to order a product online and return it in the store instead of going through the hassle of returning it through the mail. Kohls has also provided kiosks so that a customer may order something in the store and have it shipped to their home for free. The company is building up the infrastructure which will allow the stores to ship online orders from their stores, rather than their E- Commerce fulfillment centers. During the 2012 holiday season, Kohls shipped selected online orders from their retail distribution centers. By the 2013 holiday season, they expect to ship from 200 of their stores. These changes will allow them to reduce their shipping times and costs. 4. The opportunities I see in this case would be their strategy on location. Kohls target customer, young mothers, creates an opportunity for Kohls due to Generation Y being the largest generation since the baby boomers. Since they considered their target customers in deciding where to place its stores, this created an opportunity for when the women in the largest generation start becoming mothers. The threats would be J. C. Pennys new CEO launching new strategies. Kohls will have to keep up with the new strategies, and new everyday low prices that J. C. Penny is implementing. Dressing Up Case Study By valetudinarians

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation Elementary school graduation is a big deal. It celebrates all of the achievements your students have made thus far in school. Whether you call it graduation day, moving up day, or recognition day, this is a day to honor and celebrate your students moving on to middle school. Many school districts try and make this day special by holding graduation ceremonies to celebrate their students accomplishments. While this is a wonderful way to acknowledge students, their are other ways to recognize your students achievements, here are a few. Create a Journal Create a journal for each student in your class. This may take a little planning ahead of time but will definitely be worth it. Throughout the year have students write things they are thankful for, or what they want to accomplish by the end of the year. Also, ask their fellow classmates and teachers to write something nice about them. Then at the end of the school year, present them with their journals. Have a Parade A great way to recognize and honor your students moving up to the middle school is to have a parade. Students can make special t-shirts to wear and decorate the hallways. Moving Up Day Dance While dances are usually only in the middle and high school, they can be a fun way for elementary students to celebrate graduating. Plan a special dance for all of the students moving up to middle school and make sure to only play fast-paced, appropriate music! Create a Memory Photo Book Sites like Shutterfly make it very easy to create a photo book, and offer great deals on them, too. Make sure you take a lot of photographs throughout the year, so by the time your ready to create the photo book, you will have enough pictures. A Slideshow When you think of a slideshow you may think of the old school protector, but you can use the newest ​tech tools to achieve a flawless presentation that the students will not forget. The iPad and Smartboard are just two great examples of how you can achieve a great presentation of your students accomplishments. There are numerous apps, such as Proshow and Slideshow Builder that will allow you to create a great presentation for your class. Have a Field Day Plan a field day to celebrate students that are moving on to the middle school. Students can participate in fun activities, such as water balloon toss, relay races, and a baseball game. Have a School Picnic A picnic is the another fun way to celebrate your students achievements. Get out the school grill and have a cook-out, invite parents to join in, and ask students to wear the special graduation t-shirts they made. Give an Award Recognize academic achievement with an award. This can be done at the graduation ceremony. Reward your students with a special ceremony and give them certificates or trophies to recognize their academic achievements. Take an End of the Year Field Trip The best way to recognize all of your students well-deserved accomplishments is to take an end of the year  field trip. Some school districts have the funds for students to go as far as staying at a hotel for the night. If you are one of the those schools, you are very lucky. If you are not, then plan an end of the year field trip to a local amusement park where students can enjoy themselves. Buy a Student Gift Recognize students accomplishments with a gift. Fill a sand bucket with school supplies, bake a treat, give them a new book, or purchase a beach ball and write Hope you have a ball this summer.

The ideas of John Keynes(1936) are extremely relevant to the current Essay

The ideas of John Keynes(1936) are extremely relevant to the current macroeconomic situation in the UK(situation of recent 5 years). Discuss - Essay Example Economics is the science of wealth creation and it involves formulation of theories that are debated and tested leading to some being accepted, rejected or modified. They all involve the question of what to produce using the scarce resources, how to ensure stable prices with full employment and how to ensure and provide a raising living standard for the people today and tomorrow.( Sloman 2010) John Keynes was (1883-1946) was a British economist whose ideas greatly impacted on the modern day macro economics with an effect on the British social liberalals. In 1936 he broke from the classical theory of economics with the publication of the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that advocated for an interventionist policies by the government. The main tool by which the government will intervene included the fiscal and monetary policy to mitigate against the adverse effects of capitalism that is recession, depression and business cycles. His theories are what are known as the Keynesian theory of economics. For the classical view held that in a recession that wages and salaries would decline to restore full employment, but Keynes held that the opposite was true. Falling prices and wages depresses peoples incomes thus preventing a revival of spending. Keynes insisted that a direct government spending was necessary to increase the spending. In his theory one persons sp ending goes towards another earnings thus when he/she is spending her money she/he is infect supporting another’s earning and the circle continues and this is what helps and support the normal function of an economy. When a depression hits, people hoard money and this action deprives the economy of money in circulation making it to be at a stand still. These ‘crunch’ can be best corrected by the government intervention so as

Big Daddy Kanes song and Its Fitting in Blues Essay

Big Daddy Kanes song and Its Fitting in Blues - Essay Example Big Daddy Kane’s song does not express his people’s experience in near-comic or near-tragic voice, that is, the second step of Ralph Ellison’s process, which shows penetration of the blues into hip hop (Sanchez). Instead, â€Å"Word to the Mother (Land)† manifests Africans’ endurance and moral courage in their beneficial contribution for their freedom. They are seen by the rapper as awareness of Africans’ nature which has broken chains depriving them from liberty. Naturally, â€Å"Giving up to brothers five on the back hand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or rather to say mutual support and striving for better life together with African American brothers and sisters is depicted by Kane’s song as an essential component needed for attaining their goals. Reaffirming of African Americans’ existence is another point of Big Daddy Kane’s song, which shows its fitting in the third step of the process seen by Ralph Ellison as a characteristic feature of the blues (Sanchez). Actually, the rapper emphasizes not only on his belonging to African Americans and his proud of their will-power but also points at their domination over other skin colors. As it comes from the song, â€Å"†¦the color of black is most dominant†. Still, such use of words must not to be perceived letter for letter, since there is a great probability that in such a way Big Daddy Kane has pointed at the inwardness of the black heart hidden behind the black skin. It refers to the fact that African American â€Å"†¦mother is portrayed as passing on her bad values to her offspring†

Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costing - Essay Example The Target costing method is widely used in the RD&E phase of the total life cycle of a good. The Target costing accounting method has been extensively used since time immemorial. This method dates back to the early 20th century at the height of industrial revolution in Europe and North America. Henry Ford, the famous engineer designed the first vehicle in 1908 in a factory with an aim of minimizing costs and maximizing profits through mass production. Ford managed to retail the T model vehicle at an average of $ 495 in the year 1913 (Wilson 2013). Understandably, for him to achieve that fete, the engineer and his planners had to minimize production costs to a bare minimum. Henry Ford accounted for raw material expenses through a backward integration process, labour expenses through specialization and division of labour and other expenses through frugal behaviour. Fords Company received a boost after the end of the Second World War (WWII) for the demand for the vehicles rose sharply (Wilson 2013). With increased demand, the price for the vehicle increased upwards. Because Target costing is normally applied to fresh merchandise planning, which mostly needs investments in new tools and equipment, it is justifiably correct to say that price influences both investments and expenses. The Total life cycle cost accounting method is a broad way for company executives to comprehend and account for costs through merchandises design, creation, and manufacturing, promotion, delivery, maintenance, service and clearance phases. It denotes a process of organizing all expenses along the value chain (Keuper 2011). By way of employing this method, cost managers are able to salvage some significant costs. By selected approximations, about 80% of goods total life expenses are committed by assessments made in the course of the RD& E phase, emphasizing the significance of managing all expenses along the value