Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 11

The bushes stirred again. Maggie's searching fingers found only acorns and licorice fern, so she made a fist instead, sliding out from underneath Cady and holding herself ready. A form emerged from the underbrush. Maggiestared so hard she saw gray dots but she couldn'ttell anything about it. There was a long, tense moment, and then a voice came to her. â€Å"I told you you'd never make it.† Maggie almost fainted with relief. At the same moment the moon came out frombehind a cloud. It shone down into the clearingand over the slender figure standing with a hand on one hip. The pale silvery light turned red hairalmost black, but the angular face and narrowed skeptical eyes were unmistakable. Not to mention the sour expression. Maggieletout along, shuddering breath. â€Å"Jeanne!† â€Å"You didn't get very far, did you? The road's justover there. What happened? Did she drop deadon you?† It wasamazinghow good that irritable, acerbicvoice sounded to Maggie. She laughed shakily. â€Å"No, Cady's not dead. Bern's dead-you know, the bigslave trader guy. But – â€Å" â€Å"You're joking.† Jeanne's voice sharpened with respect and she moved forward. `†You killed hunt' â€Å"No. It waslook, I'll explain later. First, can youhelp me get her to somewhere more protected? It's really getting freezing out here, and she's completely out.† Jeanne leaned down, looking at Arcadia. â€Å"I toldyou before I wasn't going to help you if you gotin trouble.† â€Å"I know,† Maggie said. â€Å"Can you sort of pick herup from that side? If we both get an arm under her shouldersshemight be able to walk a little.† . `Bull,† Jeanne said shortly. â€Å"We'd better chaircarry her. Link hands and we can get her up.† Maggie clasped a cold, slender hand with calluses and a surprisingly firm grip. She heavedweight, and then they were carrying the unconscious girl. â€Å"You're strong,† she grunted. â€Å"Yeah, well, that's one of the side benefits ofbeing a slave. The road's this way.† It was awkward, slow work, but Maggie wasstrong, too, and Jeanne seemed to be able to guide them around the worst of the underbrush. And it was so good just to be with another human being who was healthy and clear headed and didn't want to kill her, that Maggie felt almost lighthearted. â€Å"What aboutP.J.? Is she okay?† â€Å"She's fine. She's in a place I know-it's notmuch, but it's shelter. That's where we're going.† â€Å"You took care of her,† Maggie said. She shook her head in the darkness and laughed. â€Å"What are you snickering about?† Jeanne paused and they spent a few minutes maneuvering arounda fallen log covered with spongy moss. â€Å"Nothing,† Maggie said. â€Å"It's justyou're prettynice, aren't you? Underneath.† â€Å"I look out for myself first. That's the rule aroundhere. And don't you forget it,† Jeanne said in a threatening mutter. Then she cursed as her foot sank into a swampy bit of ground. â€Å"Okay,† Maggie said. But she could still feel awry and wondering smile tugging up the corner ofher mouth. Neither of them had much breath for talkingafter that. Maggie was in a sort of daze of tirednessthat wasn't completely unpleasant. Her mindwandered. Delos†¦she had never met anyone so confus ing. Her entire body reacted just at the thought ofhim, with frustration and anger and a longing that she didn't understand. It was a physical pang. But then everything was so confusing. Things had happened so fast since last night that she'd neverhad time to get her mental balance. Delos and the incredible thing that had happened between themwas only one part of the whole mess. He said he'd killed Miles†¦. But that couldn't be true. Miles couldn't be dead.And Delos wasn't capable of anything like that†¦.Was he? She found that she didn't want to think aboutthat. It was like a huge dark cloud that she didn'twant to enter. Wherever Jeanne was taking her, it was a long,cold trek. And a painful one. After about fifteenminutes Maggie's arms began to feelasif they werebeing pulled out of the sockets, and a hot spot of pain flared at the back of her neck. Her sweat wasclammy running down her back and her feetwere numb. But she wouldn't give up, and Jeanne didn't either. Somehow they kept going. They had traveledfor maybe about forty-five minutes, with breaks,when Jeanne said, â€Å"Here it is.† A clearing opened in front of them, and moonlight shone on a crude little shack made of weathered wood. It leaned dangerously to one side andseveral boards were missing, but it had a ceilingand walls. It was shelter. To Maggie, it looked beautiful. â€Å"Runaway slaves built it,† Jeanne said breathlesslyas they took the last few steps to the cabin. â€Å"The Night People hunted them down, of course, but they didn't find this place. All the slaves at the castle know about it.† Then she called in a slightlylouder tone, â€Å"It's me! Open the door!† A long pause, and then there was the sound of awooden bolt sliding and the door opened. Maggiecould see the pale blob of a small face. P.J. Penob scot, with her red plaid baseballcap still on backwardand herslightbodytense,wasblinkingsleepy, frightened eyes. Then she focused and her face changed.†Maggie! You're okay!† She flung herself at Maggie like a small javelin. â€Å"Ow-hey!† Maggie swayed and Cady's limp bodydipped perilously. â€Å"I'm glad to see you, too,† Maggie said. To herown surprise, she found herself blinking back tears.†But I've got to put this girl down or I'm going todrop her.† â€Å"Back here,† Jeanne said. The back of the cabinwas piled with straw. She and Maggie eased Arcadia down onto it and then P.J. hugged Maggie again. â€Å"You got us out. We got away,† P.J. said, hersharp little chin digging into Maggie's shoulder. Maggie squeezed her. â€Å"Wellwe all got us out,and Jeanne helped get you away. But I'm glad everybody made it.† â€Å"Is she†¦all right?† P.J. pulled back and lookeddown at Arcadia. â€Å"I don't know.† Cady's forehead felt hot underMaggie's hand, and her breathing was regular butwith a rough, wheezy undertone Maggie didn'tlike. â€Å"Here's a cover,† Jeanne said, dragging up a pieceof heavy, incredibly coarse material. It seemed asbig as a sail and so rigid it hardly sagged or folded.†If we all get under it, we can keep warm.† They put Cady in the middle, Maggie and P.J. onone side of her and Jeanne on the other. The cover was more than big enough to spread over them. And the hay smelled nice. It was prickly, butMaggie's long sleeves and jeans protected her. There was a strange comfort in P.J.'s slight bodycuddled up next to herlike a kitten, Maggiethought. And it was so blessedly good to not bemoving, to not be carrying anyone, but just to sit still and relax her sore muscles. â€Å"There was a little food stashed here,† Jeannesaid, digging under the hay and pulling out a smallpacket. â€Å"Dried meat strips and oatcakes with salalberries. We'd better save some for tomorrow,though.† Maggie tore into the dried meat hungrily. Itdidn't taste like beef jerky; it was tougher and gam ier, but right at the moment it seemed delicious.She tried to get Cady to eat some, but it was nouse. Cady just turned her head away. She and Jeanne and P.J. finished the meal offwith a drink of water, and then they lay back onthe bed of hay. Maggie felt almost happy. The gnawing in her stomach was gone, her muscles were loosening up,and she could feel a warm heavinesssettlingoverher. â€Å"You were going†¦ to tell me about Bern †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Jeanne said from the other side of Cady. The wordstrailed off into a giant yawn. â€Å"Yeah.† Maggie's brain was fuzzy and her eyeswouldn't stay open. â€Å"Tomorrow †¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then, lying on a pile of hay in a tiny shack ina strange kingdom, with three girls who had been strangers to her before this afternoon and who nowseemed a little like sisters, she was fast asleep. Maggie woke up with her nose cold and her feettoo hot. Pale light was coming in all the cracks inthe boards of the cabin. For one instant she stared at the rough weathered-silver boards and the hayon the floor and wondered where she was. Thenshe remembered everything. â€Å"Cady.† She sat up and looked at the girl beside her. Cady didn't look well. Her face had the waxyinner glow of somebody with a fever, and there were little tendrils of dark hair curled damply onher forehead. But at Maggie's voice her eyelashes fluttered, then her eyes opened. â€Å"Maggie?† â€Å"How are you feeling? Want some water?† Shehelped Cady drink from the leather bag. â€Å"I'm all right. Thanks to you, I think. Youbrought me here, didn't you?† Cady's face turnedas if she were looking around the room with herwide, unfocused eyes. She spoke in short sentences, as if she were conserving her strength, but hervoice was more gentle than weak. â€Å"And Jeanne, too.Thank you both.† She must have heard us talkinglast night, Maggie thought. Jeanne was sitting up, straw in her red hair, her green eyes narrow and alert instantly. P.J.was stirring and making grumpy noises. â€Å"Morning,† Maggie said. â€Å"Is everybody okay?' â€Å"Yeah,† P.J. said in a small, husky voice. Therewas a loud rumble from her stomach. â€Å"I guess I'mstill a little hungry,† she admitted. â€Å"There're a couple oatcakes left,† Jeanne said.†And one strip of meat. We might as well finishit off.† They made Cady eat the meat, although she triedto refuse it. Then they divided the oatcakes solemnly into four parts and ate them, chewing dog gedly on dry, flaky mouthfuls. â€Å"We're going to need more water, too,† Maggiesaid, after they'd each had a drink. The leather bagwas almost empty. â€Å"But I think the first thing is tofigure out what we're going to do now. What our plan is.† â€Å"The first thing,† Jeanne said, â€Å"is to tell us whathappened to Bern.† â€Å"Oh.†Maggie blinked, but she could see whyJeanne would want to know. â€Å"Well, he's definitely dead.† She sketched in what had happened aftershe and Cady had started running through thewoods. How Gavin and Bern had chased them andhad finally driven them into a corner on the boulder pile.How Bern hadclimbedup andchanged†¦ â€Å"He was a shapeshifter, you know,† she said. Jeanne nodded, unsurprised. â€Å"Bern means bear.They usually have names that mean what they are.But you're saying you tried to fight thatguy off with a stick? You're dumber than I thought.† Still,her green eyes were gleaming with something likewry admiration, and P.J. was listening with awe. â€Å"And then-there was this lightning,† Maggiesaid. â€Å"And it killed Bern and Gavin ran away.† Sherealized, even asshe said it, that she didn't wantto tell everything that had happened with Delos.She didn't think Jeanne would understand. So she left out the way their minds had linked when theytouched, and the way she'd seen his memories-and the fact that she'd dreamed about him beforeever coming to this valley. â€Å"Then I filled the water bag and we heard Sylviacoming and he went out to make sure she didn'tfind me or Cady,† she finished. She realized thatthey were all staring at her. Cady's facewasthoughtful and serene as always, P.J. was scaredbut interested in the story-but Jeanne was rivetedwith disbelief and horror. â€Å"You're saying Prince Delossaved your life? Withthe blue fire? You're saying he didn't turn you overto the hunting party?† She said it as if she were talking about Dracula. â€Å"It's the truth.† Good thing I didn't tell her aboutthe kiss, Maggie thought. â€Å"It's impossible. Delos hates everybody. He's themost dangerous of all of them.† â€Å"Yeah, that's what he kept telling me.† Maggieshook her head. The way Jeanne was looking at hermade her uncomfortable,as if she were defendingsomeone unredeemably evil. â€Å"He also said at one point that he killed my brother,† she said slowly.†But I didn't know whether to believeit†¦.† â€Å"Believe it.† Jeanne's nostrils were flared and herlip curledasif she were looking at something disgusting. â€Å"He's the head of this whole place and everything that goes on here. There's nothing hewouldn't do. I can't believe he let you go.† She considered for a moment, then said grimly, â€Å"Unless he's got something special in mind. Letting you go and then hunting you down later. It's the kind ofthing he'd enjoy.† Maggie had a strange feeling of void in her stomach that had nothing to do with hunger. She triedto speak calmly. â€Å"I don't think so. I think-he justdidn't care if I got away.† â€Å"You're fooling yourself. You don't understandabout these people because you haven't been here. None of youhave been here.† Jeanne looked at P.J.,who was watching with wide blue ‘eyes, and atCady, who was listening silently, her head slightlybowed. â€Å"The Night People are monsters.And theones here in the Dark Kingdom are the worst of all. Some of them have been alive for hundreds of years-some of them were here when Delos'sgrandfather founded the place. They've been holedup in this valley all that time †¦ and allthey do ishunt.It's their only sport. It's all they care about. It's all they do.† Maggie's skin was prickling. Part of her didn'twant to pursue this subject any further. But she had to know. â€Å"Last night I noticed something weird,† she said.†I was standing outside and listening, but I couldn'thear any animal sounds anywhere. None at all.† â€Å"They've wiped them out. Alltheanimalsin the wild are gone.† P.J.'s thin little hand clutched at Maggie's armnervously. ‘But then what do they hunt?† â€Å"Animals they breed and release. I've been a slavehere for three years, and at first I only saw them breeding local animaLs-cougars and black bears wolverines and stuff. But in the last couple ofyears they've started bringing in exotics. Leopardstigers and things.† Maggie let out her breath and patted P.J.'s hand.`But not humans.† â€Å"Don't make me laugh. Of course humans-butonly when they can get an excuse. The laws say the vampires can't hunt slaves to death because they'retoo precious-pretty soon the food supply wouldbe gone. But if slaves get loose, they at least get to hunt them down and bring them back to the castle. And if a slave has to be executed, they do a death hunt.† â€Å"I see.† The void in Maggie's stomach had become a yawning chasm. â€Å"But-2†² â€Å"If he let you go, it was so he could come backand hunt you,† Jeanne said flatly. â€Å"I'm telling you,he's bad. It was three years ago that the old kingdied and Delos took over, okay? And it was threeyears ago that they started bringing new slaves in.Not just grabbing people off the mountain if theygot too close, but actuallygoing down and kidnapping girls off the streets. That's why I'm here.That'swhy P.J.'s here.† Beside Maggie, P.J. shivered. Maggie put an armaround her and felt the slight body shaking againsthers. She gulped, her other hand clenching into afist. â€Å"Hey, kiddo. You've been really brave so far, sojust hang on, okay? Things are going to work out.† She could feel Jeanne's sarcastic eyes on herfrom beyond Cady, daring her to explain exactly howthings were going to work out. She ignoredthem. â€Å"Was it the same for you, Cady?† she asked. Shewas glad to get off the subject of Delos, and shewas remembering the strange thing Cady had saidlast night. I was coming here for a reason†¦. â€Å"No. They got me on the mountain.† But the wayCady spoke alarmed Maggie. It was slowly and with obvious effort, the voice of someone who had touse all their strength just to concentrate. Maggie forgot all about Delos and the slave tradeand put a hand to Cady's forehead. â€Å"Oh, God,† she said. â€Å"You're burning up. You're totally on fire.† Cady blinked slowly. â€Å"Yes-it's the poison,† shesaid in a foggy voice. â€Å"They injected me with something when they caught me-but I had a bad reaction to it. My system can't take it.† Adrenaline flicked through Maggie. â€Å"And you'regetting worse.† When Cady nodded reluctantly, shesaid, â€Å"Right. Then there's no choice. We have to getto the castle because that's where the healingwomen are, right? If anybody can help, they can, right?† â€Å"Wait a minute,† Jeanne said. â€Å"We can't go downto the castle. We'd be walking right into their arms.And we can't get out of the valley. I found the passbefore, but that was by accident. I couldn't find itagain â€Å"I could,† Maggie said. When Jeanne stared at her, she said, â€Å"Never mind how. I just can. But going that way means climbing down a mountainon the other side and Cady can't make it. And I don't think she'll make it if we leave her alone hereand go look for help.† Jeanne's narrow green eyes were on her again,and Maggie knew what they were saying. So we'vegot to give up on her. It's the only thing thatmakessense. But Maggie bulldozed on in determination. â€Å"Youcan take P.J. to thepass-I can tellyou howto get there-and Ill take Cady to the castle. How about that? If you can tell me how to get to it.† â€Å"Itstinks,†Jeanne said flatly. â€Å"Even if you make it to the castle with her hanging on you, you won'tknow how to get in. And if you doget in, you'll be committing suicide-â€Å" She broke off, and everyone started. For an instant Maggie didn't understand why-all she knewwas that she had a sudden feeling of alarm andalertness. Then she realized that Cady had turnedsuddenly toward the door. It was the quick, instinctive gesture of a cat who has heard something dangerous, and it triggered fear in the girls who werelearning to live by their own instincts. And now that Maggie sat frozen, she could hearit, too, faraway but distinct. The sound of peoplecalling, yelling back and forth. And another sound, one that she'd only heard in movies, but that sherecognized instantly. Hounds baying. â€Å"It's them,† Jeanne whispered into the dead silence of the shack. â€Å"I told you. They're hunting us.† â€Å"With dogs?†Maggie said, shock tingling throughher body. â€Å"It's all over,† Jeanne said. â€Å"We're dead.†

Realism, the Portray of Women Mistreatment

Realism, the Portray of Women Mistreatment In the 19th century a new trend of writing appeared in the American literature called, realism and it is defined as the â€Å"faithful representation of reality'. Writers attempt to document life as it â€Å"without romantic idealization or dramatization† and â€Å"character is more important than action and plot†. Two short stories are representative of realism â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"The Story of An Hour. † In these stories Charlotte Gilman and Kate Chopin characterize women who are being dominated by a manly society nd who do not see women more than a simply spouses or mothers.However, they are faithful believers that women in reality are beings that should be allowed to express themselves because they are strong enough to stand for themselves; and should not be subordinate in any marriage. Likewise, in these two stories the realism portrays the maltreatment of women in their marriage, which clea rly can be seen develop in the plot, characterization, setting, and theme of the stories. The works of realism are present in the plot of both stories. Throughout the story of â€Å"The YellowWallpaper† her husband John treats the protagonist with a lot of authority and demand. â€Å"John says if I don't pick up faster he shall send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall†¦ But John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. (Gilman, 86-90. ). And this overwhelming treatment carried the poor woman to a deep insanity, making her hallucinate about the paper design of her room. â€Å"It is the strangest yellow, that wall-paper!It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw†not beautiful ones like buttercups, but old oul, bad yellow things†¦ Through watching so much at night, when it changes so, I have finally found out. The front pattern does move†and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it! Sometimes I think there are a great many women behind, and sometimes only one, and she crawls around fast, and her crawling shakes it all over. † (Gilman, 95, 96. ). The husband's controlling attitude and low ignorance against her destroyed this woman mental stability.At the same time in â€Å"The Story of An Hour,† Mrs. Mallard thought that the death of Mr. Mallard would be the opportunity or her to get out from an oppressed marriage that didn't let her live the life that she ever dreamed. For the first time in her life, she could visualize herself without the control and pressure that her marriage gave her. â€Å"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully†¦ But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely.And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. † (Chopin, 66-67. ). In these two stories we can see the great desire of these women to be treated with res pect; a ense of dignity for what they are, something that would make them feel like their voice counted rather than having a meaning to their life because of who theyre married to. Moreover, the women of these stories are truthful realistic characters. The narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it is a docile, â€Å"ordinary' (Gilman, 85. middle class woman who suffered from a â€Å"temporary nervous depression† (Gilman, 85). She is forbidden to work and writes in her Journal, which she enjoys very much. She is also torbi dden to take care ot ner newborn baby and visit any triends, making ner eel like no control over her life. â€Å"Am absolutely forbidden to â€Å"work† until I am well again†¦ â€Å"There comes John, and I must put this away, †he hates to have me write a word†¦ And yet I cannot be with him (baby), it makes me so nervous†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Gilman, 85-87-88. ).The main character of this story is an oppressed woman, who could not e scape from her reality and in real life a vast of women around the world go through this kind of situation. For instance, my mother is one of them, for many years she undergoes from a temporary nervous depression, caused by my little brother's birth. My father labeled himself a very wise man, but never looked for the help she needed to. As well, he prohibited her to work and the only thing that she could do was to take care of house's chores.Couple times in my life I saw my own mother in the edge of the madness that her monotony life and my father little comprehension about her illness carried her. I remembered, myself scare at her and crying because I did not understand why she behaved in those manner and why my father was so authoritarian with all of us; and with so low emotion about my mother situation. One day my mother woke up from her dream and decides that she had to take control of her life and run away from him, leaving my little brother and me in his cares.I strongly belie ved that many women around the world, most of the time married the wrong man, because they cannot understand them and do not make them feel valuable as their marital partner. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Story of An Hour,† Mrs. Mallard is another typical middle class woman that has â€Å"loved her husband sometimes† (Chopin, 67. ), but with a â€Å"certain strength†(Chopin, 67. ) that all she anted is to â€Å"drink a very elixir of life†, (Chopin, 68. ). And who suffers from heart problem, that probably her outrage marriage had left her with â€Å"Knowing that Mrs.Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble†¦ † (Chopin, 66. ). In fact, Mrs. Mallard is an intelligence woman with a great desire of living her life without any attachments and a visionary woman that proved that she did not need any man to stand up for her. As an illustration, Mrs. Mallard story is similar to my cousin Birmania's story. She is also a very intelligent woman, who m arried her boyfriend whom she was for a long time. After the wedding, they got a beautiful house, equipped with a lot nice furniture. Her boyfriend (now her husband), as soon they got married prohibited her to work.At first, she was happy with the idea because she used to love him and she wanted to play a wife's roles. Times passed and her monotonic life started hit her and her husband's behavior was not what she dreamed about, she felt she wanted to escape from him and divorced him. He, otherwise did not accept her idea, he thought that could not be possible because he had always give her all the material thing that she ad wanted; house, money and car. But, in reality she needed more than that. Birmania needed more emotional attention; she wanted to work, to be herself, once for all.Eventually, how many women nowadays are yet bowed in the oppression of their marriages? As well as the plot and characterization, these two stories share realistic settings. Both take place in the Unite d States during the 19th century and fully described the surrounding of their main characters. For example, in the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the story take place in a summer's house, specifically in the narrator's room. She does not have lot furniture on it, except for a bed, the barred around the window and the â€Å"queer† (Gilman, 85. ) yellow wallpaper. I'm really getting quite tond ot the big room, all but that horrid paper†¦ It is a big, airy room, the whole floor nearly, with windows that look all ways, and air and sunshine galore. It was nursery first and then playroom and gymnasium, I should Judge; for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls. â€Å"(Gilman, 87-88. ). Consequently, â€Å"The Story of An Hour† happened in the Mrs. Mallard's house mostly in er room, where she sat in a chair to contemplate the outside windows landscape and dreamed about her future. She sat with her head thrown back upo n the cushion of the chair†¦ A dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection. â€Å"(Chopin, 66-67. ). The ironic reality in the settings of theses stories is that even though the environment illustrated for these women were a comfortable life, nice houses and neighborhood, deep inside of themselves, their hearts were screaming to be understood as well as heir need of a sense of freedom. Above all, the themes in these stories are the reflection of real struggle of women in their marriage.Even though it is not explain in the story, Mrs. Mallard perhaps had to encounter a lot discouragement and affliction in her marriage in order to feel that only with Mr. Mallard death, she would be free. A sense of freedom that was stronger than the sadness she felt from this news. â€Å"Free! Body and soul free! † She kept whispering† (Chopin, 68. ). Today, despite of a lot of women, they don't feel treated, as they wanted by their spouses; they continue in ilence, struggling in their marriage enduring maltreatment and restrained themselves from the pleasure of doing what they dreamed one day for their life.However, in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the woman did not have a voice, she loved her husband too and appreciated all what he did for her, she suffered to know that whatever she said or did was never enough for him. â€Å"John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him†¦ I don't like our room a bit. I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all ver the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings! But John would not hear of it. (Gilman, 86- 87. ).For this woman to feel underappreciated by her husband, may have been more depressing than her own nervous condition. It is fair to say that the themes of this story it is also relate to the fact that many women in all culture s of our society, become victims of their circumstance, and they lose the control of their life when their husbands do not look at them as human beings that are capable of going beyond of their genders' identity. For the most part, the characters in both of tories go along in the theme of discouragement in their marriage.To conclude, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour† we now agree that the realism is shown in the plot, characterization, setting, and the theme of both stories. Also, we can see that both characters share the same concerned to their reader, they want women around the world to have self-expression, freedom to be themselves. They believed that women, not only deserve a good house and furniture, but they do also deserve respects. Gilman and Chopin with these work portray themselves as faithful believer n women ‘capacities and do not support any physical or mental mistreatment to them.

Identity – I am an American, not an Asian-American

‘I am an American, not an Asian-American. My rejection of hyphenation has been called race treachery, but it is really a demand that America deliver the promises of its dream to all its citizens equally.' What is identity? Many of us would think that the answer to this question is simple but once placed on the stop and asked to answer it, the answer creates more of an issue than the question. Identity can be defined in many different ways and there is more than one identity. The most obvious of these is an individual identity, regarding one person and their ability to establish their identity and locate themselves. There are also social identities, and collective identities. Usually identity is to do with ideas that are derived from society and often requires some reflexivity as it is to do with being a social being part of a society. It is mostly acquired through social interaction and the meanings we decide of social positions and is often marked through symbols. Identity is all about similarities and differences. These help one identify their sense of self in relation to others who are similar or different. For example it can help identify distinctive characteristics that make one different from others, or identify a shared viewpoint or physical features that make one similar to others. Identity is about how we think about ourselves, other people around us and what we think others around us think of us, many people would imagine social life unimaginable without a social identity. Mukherjee grew up in a Hindu, Bengali-speaking and middle-class neighbourhood. The general belief in her birthplace was that ‘one's identity was fixed, derived from religion, caste, patrimony, and mother tongue.' One did not need to ‘discover' their identity because it was unchangeable and one hardly had an individual identity. As the society was one consisting of similar people, there was a sense of a shared and collective identity, even if not socially, at least within one's family it was shared. Her neighbourhood had influenced her identity greatly, especially when regarding social divisions. For example; gender. In the article, certain sentences make it clear that Mukherjee comes from a male-dominated society. ‘Men provided and women were provided for. My father was a patriarch and I a pliant daughter†¦I didn't expect myself to ever disobey or disappoint my father by setting my own goals and taking charge of my future.' It also seems that class played an important role in the social divisions of the collective identity where she lived. ‘Two commands my father had written out for me†¦marry the bridegroom he selected for me from our caste and class'. She also claims that intercaste, interlanguage and interethnic marriages were forbidden within their traditional culture. Even emigration was frowned upon in Bengali tradition as it was seen as a form of diluting true culture. It seems that a woman's identity was set by the identity (or status) of her father, or after marriage; her husband. Mukherjee also states ‘I was who I was because I was Dr. Sudhir Lal Mukherjee's daughter'. It should also be noted that Mukherjee chooses to use the word ‘was' rather than ‘am'. This suggests that she has in a way cut off ties with her previous identity. She now sees her main identity as being American. Once in America, Mukherjee regarded herself as an Indian foreign student who intended to return to India to live. Her short and impulsive marriage ceremony led her into a whole new world regarding identities and their importance. She felt cut off from the ways of her life in Bengal as she had done something she never would have ever dreamed of doing. She now felt as if she had conflicting loyalties between two extremely different cultures. In America, women have more rights and participate in society just as much as men. This was new to Mukherjee as she now struggled to find her true identity; something she had never really paid attention to before. There had been a recent uproar in America concerning things such as ‘who is an American?' and ‘what is American culture?'. These led to issues involving the scapegoating of immigrants which further pushed Mukherjee into adopting America as her new homeland and following American culture. However, Mukherjee done all with her own choice and therefore takes her citizenship very seriously. The United Nations adds new members almost every year, many ‘old nations' now find themselves challenged with ‘sub' – nationalisms. It looks more and more likely that there will be a creation of more nationalities and people may lose true sight of what their nation once was. Many people in one society do not know each other or even of one another's existence, yet there is a sense of a ‘community'. Anderson (1983) describes this situation as an ‘imagined community'. Members cannot know each other and despite inequality there is still an imagined meaningful friendship. One can, and does have more than one identity. Goffman (1971) talks about impression management and gives life the metaphor of a drama. Humans are seen as actors and play many different roles. He believes that they follow certain ‘scripts' which are relevant in some situations but not in others and interaction is seen as a performance to the audience. This is known as his ‘dramaturgical analogy'. William Shakespeare once famously wrote ‘ All the world is a stage, And all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and entrance; Each man in his time plays many parts'. This means that a concept, even if not widely agreed with, to do with Goffman's idea has been around for a long time. In the debate of culture and identity, the notion of agency is a central theme. Agency is about choice, the ability to exercise this choice in order to shape our own identities. Agency is highly related to reflexivity; a post modern idea. Reflexivity is to do with the capacity of humans to reflect upon themselves, their actions and others around them in order to change or improve themselves. Mukherjee was brought up in an environment where the notion of agency in regards to identity did not exist. Identity was fixed, and one could not change it. Therefore, when she adopted her new found culture in America, she automatically was using agency to choose and shape her own identity. Identity is ever-changing; it changes with time, place and an individual's perception of reality (Vithu Jeyaloganathan – Sri Lankan born Canadian, b. 1991). An Indian politician and founder of the Indian Constitution ( B.R.Ambedkar) once said that ‘Unlike a drop of water which loses its identity when it joins the ocean, man does not lose his being in the society in which he lives. Man's life is independent. He is born not for the development of society alone, but for the development of his self.' This may be representative of India's changing views on the topic of identity and more importantly, individual identity.

Information strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information strategy - Coursework Example Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Identification and Analysis of Factors Affecting Information Strategy 5 Strategy Formulation 5 Relationship amidst Differentiated Functional Departments and Strategy Level 6 Executors 6 Top Management 7 Middle Management 7 Lower Management and Non-Management 7 Communication 8 Implementation Tactics 8 Commitment 9 Review of Dell’s Approach to Strategic Information System Given the Likely Impact on Global Issues 10 Critical Analysis of Dell’s Application and Benefits of Strategic Information System in Mitigating Global Issues 13 Conclusion and Recommendation 14 References 15 Introduction Strategic Information System (SIS) frames a vital constituent of the operations of any modern day organisation. It is essentially a process for performing a decision- making strategy of the on-going activities of the business. It has been taken into consideration that facilities associated with the application of the strategic information system lays a greater impact upon the individuals, employees and the entire society. With emergence of globalisation, the application of SIS has become an integral part for ensuring sustainability of the organisations operating within this global scenario. Furthermore, by observation the SIS, it is viewed that it is as a channel for gaining opportunities. On the basis of the information based on the application of SIS, it has been ascertained that once an organisation invests on such advanced applications, it becomes difficult for it to turn-back. Such application demands higher investments for effective and optimal usage to gain sustainability (Galliers & Leidner, 2003). In relation to SIS, it has also been ascertained that SIS is different from the normal information systems. It is an advanced form of the information system, which depicts the impact of the information systems as a viable weapon. On further observations, it has been revealed that as the application of the SIS has acceler ated to a greater extent, it has become much cheaper in recent days. SIS has the ability to change the present activities of an organisation. Mainly the information systems introduce the electronic technology within the market, by applying which transaction of products and services becomes easier (Grant & et. al., 2009). This study intends to discuss the identifications along with the analysis of the factors, which mainly affect the information strategy. Moreover, the study also intends to provide a brief description based on a review of an organisation’s i.e. Dell’s approach towards the strategic information system and its impact upon the external issues. With this concern, Dell has been taken under consideration for in-depth analysis of SIS. Identification and Analysis of Factors Affecting Information Strategy Primarily, there arise numerous hurdles during the execution of SIS. By conducting an in-depth analysis, it has been ascertained that SIS implementation is loo ked upon as a dynamic and complex process, which assists in the decision-making of the managers and the employees. In this context, there is requirement to analyse the factors that are responsible for creating a hurdle in effective application of SIS within an organisation (Li & et. al., 2008). The differentiated factors that are responsible for creating a hurdle in effective implementation of SIS have been explicitly discussed hereunder: Strategy

Life of Dementia Patients Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life of Dementia Patients - Research Proposal Example In the later stages of dementia, patients normally, exhibit signs of time disorientation in the sense that they can say the exact time or even differentiate between day or night. Secondly, at the later stages, dementia patients cannot even be able to tell their exact location, and/ or even identify people they used to know. Thirdly, dementia patients also tend to exhibit a loss of control in their own behaviors as well as emotions. Lastly, dementia patients tend to suffer from impaired problem-solving skills meaning that they cannot also be able to reason properly because of lack of sound mind. Repper and Perkins (2003) noted that for a particular case to be classified as dementia, medical practitioners recommend that the symptoms have to be persistent for a period of more than six months. According to the writings by Repper and Perkins (2003), they stated that persons who have suffered from previous physical impairments are prone to dementia more so those who had a brain injury. Bartlett and O’Connor (2007) on their part stated that most dementia patients are persons above the age of sixty-five i.e. the geriatric population but there have been reported cases of dementia occurring before the age of sixty-five. Because of the unique nature of the dementia symptoms, the nursing requirements for catering for these patients tend to be unique because it is not focused towards ensuring the patients regain their full health back but rather it is focused on enabling the patients to cope with the condition, whilst feel only an insignificant pain or inconveniences caused by the condition. Therefore, it is particularly important to investigate the roles that nurses play in ensuring that dementia patients have a better quality of life despite their condition. The extent, nature, or standard of the nursing care given to dementia patients determines the quality of life the patients have until their death occurs. In this regard, Baldwin (2008) lamented on the fact that because of the rare incidences of dementia cases, there has been a little focus on the role of nurses in providing care to dementia patients.

Does the study of classical management theory have any value for Essay

Does the study of classical management theory have any value for managers in business today - Essay Example Industrialization brought people from different backgrounds to work in ‘factories’ as opposed to the handicraft system under which they had worked previously in small shops or in homes (Kim et al, 1995). It was felt, therefore at the time, a strong need for efficient planning, organizing and controlling of all work related activities, a need that was the main stimulant in the formation of the principals of â€Å"Scientific Management† and â€Å"Administrative Management†. Scientific management, in its essence was based upon the improvement of productivity, while Administrative management dealt, on the whole, with the organization as an entity and primarily focused on its overall effectiveness and improvement. The implications and results of the application of these two theories were immense and profound in their times, however, with the passage of time, the debate over the productivity of the classical theory of management became heated. As newer theories, principles and model’s emerged, the number of people who were un-sure of the effectiveness of this school of thought increased in number, and while it has not yet lost all credibility, there are a significant number of people who do not believe in the principles of scientific management and administrative management anymore. This paper deals with the applicability of the classical management theory in today’s age and discusses its usefulness for the management of the modern organization. The paper presents a review of the applications of the theory in the days of its infancy and follows that with a discussion about how relevant those applications are in today’s world. As mentioned before, a product of the Industrial Revolution, the classical management theory had two major components which were scientific management and administrative management. During that era, efficiency had become a

Mongol Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mongol Impact - Essay Example Moreover, under the Mongolian regime the communication system greatly improved. As regards to the negative impact of the Mongol invasion, their plunders, devastations and loots executed throughout the continents of Europe and Asia is viewed as their potent negativity. They also raped and brutally treated the innocent citizens thrusting upon them their religion which can be seen as another negativity of the Mongol Conquest. Also, the blood-thirsty image of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan is a well-accepted fact unanimously affirmed by all the historians which cannot be undermined. Overall, the Mongol invasion did have much negative sides when they are treated as plunderers and invaders. However, the great development and unification the Mongols brought about throughout the continents of Asia and Eastern Europe cannot be undermined. The all-around socio-economic development did occur throughout the continents holding the hands of the Mongols under whom the Persian silk trade or the rapid development of communication took place (President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2013; Stetson University,

Marijuanna as a Gateway Drug Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marijuanna as a Gateway Drug - Research Paper Example In a report presented by the National Institute on Drug Abuse concludes that any person smoking marijuana is 104 times more likely to use cocaine as compared to any other person that has never tried marijuana. In fact, one commonly come across stories about drug addicts who start their stories with marijuana and then end up trying every drug known to humankind (Iversen, 2001). There are no doubts in the fact that there is strong correlation between the use of marijuana and use of other drugs; however, this correlation does not represent causation. In other words, the statement that use of marijuana leads to other drugs is incorrect because scientists and researchers of â€Å"National Institute of Medical Marijuana discarded this idea as far back in 1999† (Earleywine, 2002). The researchers concluded that the patterns of drug use amongst the lifetime of people share striking similarities and use the marijuana precedes the use of many other drugs but that is primarily because of the fact marijuana is the most widely available illicit drug. In fact, these patterns also indicate that even before using marijuana these people use nicotine and alcohol usually long before they of the legal age to do the same (Hanson, Venturelli & Fleckenstein, 2011). In that way, alcohol and nicotine would have to be labeled as gateway drugs but the same is not true because these drugs or their effects have failed to show elements or tendencies of attracting people to other drugs (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). Every year the federal government conducts two huge surveys in order to explore the changing trends of drug use in the population. Over the past decade, year after year, the number of people who tried marijuana has been greater than that of people who have tried cocaine and heroin. In the year 2009, over 2.3 million tried marijuana and the same number of heroin and cocaine remained at 0.18 and 0.6 million respectively. If marijuana was such a strong gateway drug then this should have increased the number of cocaine and heroin consumers as well (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). One possible explanation of marijuana leading to other drugs could be understood by the example of music. A person who likes music, or listens to a genre of music for the first time and likes it, is likely to look for new bands and singers in that genre. This is because people have the general tendency to look for change and new ways to impress themselves. Sticking to one song, band, or genre is most likely to feel boring within a short time. The same is true for marijuana. When marijuana starts appealing to certain people, they like to diversify their taste and look for new drugs, which could give them the same or even better feeling (Hanson, Venturelli & Fleckenstein, 2011). Another reason behind the correlation of marijuana and other drugs relates to the supply chain of these drugs. You can only find a heroin dealer if you have an expert consumer of weed. Heroin and c ocaine dealers face greater penalties and their limited supply makes it hard for the suppliers of these hard drugs to trust customers easily.

Effectiveness of Risk Assessment in Preventing Pressure Ulcer Research Paper

Effectiveness of Risk Assessment in Preventing Pressure Ulcer - Research Paper Example The objective of the study will be as follows: To assess whether incorporating risk assessment in nursing practice can reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers; Establish whether risk assessment can reduce the overall preventive measures used on a patient Investigate whether the detection of pressure ulcers in its early stages could reduce its severity and prevent other illnesses from developing. Background Pressure ulcers are local injuries to skin and/or underlying tissues due to pressure from an object pressing and/or rubbing against the skin. Pressure usually leads in insufficient blood flow and occurs mostly in bony areas such as the sacrum, coccyx, hips, and heels. Insufficient blood supply can lead to death of skin cells leading to the formation of an ulcer. In the US, the prevalence of pressure ulcers varies among states widely, with some states such as Ontario recording incidence rates of 53% in poorly managed healthcare institutions (Clarke, Bradley, & Whytock, 2005).... The staff will also be trained on early detection of the injuries. c) Comparison Data on patients at risk from developing pressure ulcer will be collected before and after training. The data will also include the number of patients who will develop ulcers over a four-week period before and after the training intervention. Data collected after nursing staff have undergone training will be compared to that collected before the training using various statistical analyses to determine whether there was a significant decline in the number of patients at risk of developing ulcers. d) Outcome Results of the analysis will also indicate whether training of nursing personnel in the assessment of pressure ulcer risk is effective in reducing the number of patients developing pressure ulcers. e) Time The study will run for a period of three months. Data on the number of patients developing ulcers and those at risk will be collected for a period of four weeks followed by training of personnel. Dat a will be collected again after training for a period of four weeks. Critique of Literature Clinical studies have shown that development of pressure ulcer during hospitalization can be alleviated by adopting appropriate mitigation measures (Severens, Hobraken, Duivenvoorden, & Frederiks, 2002; Vanderwee, Clark, Dealey, Gunningberg, & Defloor, 2007). These measures can include the development of methods and ways of determining risk factors. Early action can alleviate pain and improve quality of life among persons at risk or those already affected. Healthcare institutions can also benefit from early detection of pressure ulcers by reducing fiscal and time expenditure on the care and treatment of patients. Clarke et al. (2005) mention that pressure ulcers directly kill at least

Annotated Source List Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Source List Assignment - Essay Example I am going to use a book Impact of electronic publishing written by David J Brown and Richard Boulder-stone. The writers discuss the consequences of electronic publishing and recommends on how publishers, writers and readers can assess electronic materials. Three Views of the internet written by Ann Marie and Wendy Wicks is another book that I will put into consideration since it has articles about the use of internet in publishing Industry. In addition, I will combine books and an eBook: The misuse of information systems by John P D’Arcy and Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications by Mario marques respectively. Other relative important articles that I have found helpful in doing the research include: Impact of Technology in Publishing by Hanno Ronte; impact of internet in the newspaper industry by George Wilbert.; and Effects of Information Technology on the Publishing Industry by Otuoma Sanya. The above articles will provide information on impacts of internet technologies in different publishing sectors. The articles will also provide information on how the internet has benefited and advanced publication sector. Numerous inquiries have developed on the impacts of internet publishing. I am really befuddled and thinking about how publishers and authors gain yet their work is downloaded free from the internet unless in some few cases like in Amazon where books are sold. This sometimes lead to the authors and publishers being demoralized since they gain less from their hard work they put across ensuring that the work they present is of high quality. I have a tendency to surmise that the amount of cash used by a reader as a part of downloading the materials is shared among the internet administrators, publishers and scholars. Numerous creative writers are gaining a great deal of cash through posting their imaginative work. I ponder what the internet has done to publishing commercial

Personal Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal Ethics - Essay Example In addition, she worked to assure that patients under her care were healthy. Her critical thinking of Environmental Theory dramatically revolutionized the nursing methodology in which sanitary conditions for patience became a focal point for all nurses. As a nurse, it is imperative to provide the utmost care to patients especially in the realm of elderly. As a nurse, one must understand that not nurturing elders can be against the moral standards of a nurse. Elderly neglect is one of the most prominent issues that needs to be addressed in modern society. It is clear that every year, an estimated 4 million older Americans are victims of neglect. Elderly neglect has been an issue not only in nursing houses but also in other aspects. Conducive research indicates that for every case of elder abuse and neglect reported to authorities, experts estimate as many as 23 cases go undetected. The quality of life of older individuals who experience abuse is a critical element because elderly often feel neglected which may cause physiological trauma that is definitely not healthy. This physical trauma can be a huge element as much research also suggests that older people who have been abused tend to die earlier, which is a huge concern. For the elderly, it highly imperative that they don’t experience this short of emotional trauma in their later years. From my personal perspective, nursing are majority in charge of handling patient’s nutritional status. Most patients that are sick tend to lose weight and must be supplemented with proper amount of food and nutrients. Conducive research indicates that as many as 65% of elderly patients are malnourished when they enter the hospital while in the hospital. Without having the proper nutritional assessment, it is highly illogical and difficult to monitor their status. Morally, they must have the right to

Common Sense Summary Essay Example for Free

Common Sense Summary Essay Summary of Thomas Pains Common Sense Thomas Pain believed strongly in supporting the colonies for colonial independence. The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth, says Thomas Pain. He believed that not only the country should be involved but of at least 1/8 part of the globe. He illustrates in his article that a new era for politics has struck which leads to a new method of thinking. Pain also shows that reconciliation with Britain is not the answer. He states that America will flourish as much or more without Britain. Pain also illustrates how people think that Britain is protecting them. He responds saying that Britain was only thinking of Britains own interest instead of thinking of the interests of the colonies. Pain concludes in his article four of why they must show their declaration for independence. First he states that Britain and the Colonies may quarrel forever. Secondly he states that France and Spain want help the colonies unless they rebel and fight. Thirdly he states that they should be considered rebels and unite to fight the British. Fourthly they will send out to foreign courts published documents that state miseries that they have endured and the peaceful methods they used in return.

What is cross cultural marketing?

What is cross cultural marketing? INTRODUCTION: CROSS CULTURAL MARKETING: Cross cultural marketing is a marketing done with two or more different cultures i.e. it is done internationally on a personal level, which means when planning marketing campaigns and media cultural differences are taken into consideration, understanding the need for maintaining the balance between Globalization and Localization and last but not the least Implementation of the strategies that are required to respect the differences while unifying of brand messages are taken into consideration. Cross Cultural Marketing is a research that takes place across the cultural groups or nations. Due to Globalization and International marketing, Cross Cultural Marketing has become very important. The nature of the Research is also becoming highly diverse. According to International view, to determine the degrees of adaption, competitive advantage and attractiveness of the markets the information of marked is used. GREET HOFSTEDE THEORY: Greet Hofstedes Cultural Theory has described National Cultures. This research was firstly conducted between 64 countries to identify the national culture differences across subsidiaries of multinational firms (IBM). There were many other research conducted such as: elites of 19 countries, studies of students of 23 countries, up-market consumers of 15 countries and commercial airline pilots in 23 countries. All the above studies together identified four cultural dimensions and the fifth one was added later on. The nature of all the managerial skills depends specifically on their culture. It is not necessary that a management philosophy or technique is going to be same as another. Culture is said to be a conflict source rather than synergy and cultural difference can be disastrous and often nuisance at its best level. There are Five Cultural Dimensions in Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, they are: Power Distance Index(PDI) Individualism(IDV) Masculinity(MAS) Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI) Long Term Orientation(LTO) 1) Power Distance Index: It is an extent to which the members who are less powerful in the organisation think that the distributions of the power amongst them are unequal. It defines inequality but it is defined from below and not from above (more vs. less). It says that the level of inequality in society is advised by the followers as much as by the leaders. The power on Inequality are of course includes in the extremely facts of any society. The awareness of societal inequality is there in anybody having some International experience, but some of them are more unequal than others. 2) Individualism: Individualism is a degree in which ‘Individualism is on one side vs. the opposite side ‘collectivism; on the individualistic side individual are collected into groups and we can find the societies in which the co operation between the individuals are loose, everyone is for himself/herself and his/her family. On the other hand Collectivism, we can find the societies in which Individuals are in groups but having great co operation amongst them, these families include grandparents, uncles and aunties, which protect them in exchanging unquestioning loyalties. This dimension is addressed to all the societies of the world and is extremely fundamental. 3) Masculinity: Masculinity has femininity on its opposite side (Masculinity vs. Femininity). Another fundamental issue on any society in the world is the distribution of roles between the genders of the society. According to IBM studies, the value of mens differing more than the value of womans in the society. The value of mens from one country to another containing the dimensions are assertive, competitive and maximal to the value of the women on one side to modest, caring and similar to the value of womens on the other hand. The assertive pole is said to be ‘Masculine. There is a gap between the mens value and womens value in masculine countries as they are competitive and assertive. 4) Uncertainty Avoidance Index: The societies of Uncertainity and ambiguity are tolerated by the ‘Uncertainty avoidance index. It refers to the search of truth by mans. It refers till what extent a culture program is comfortable or uncomfortable to its member in a situation which is unstructured such as surprising, novel and unusual. In the countries avoiding uncertainty peoples are emotional and inner nervous energy motivate them a lot. Countries avoiding uncertainty minimises such situation by applying strict rules and laws, safety and security measures and the opposite countries accepting uncertainty have few rules and are relativist on religious and philosophical level, and avoid their environment to accept emotion. 5) Long term orientation: It has Short term orientation on its opposite side, in this dimention the students of 23 countries were taken into consideration and a study was been done by way of questionnaire framed by Chinese scholar. It was not on the basis of truth. In Long term orientation the values are on the basis of frugality steadfastness and in short term orientation there was traditional respect, fulfilling social obligations. The techniques of Confucius found both the negative and positive v alues of the dimensions. This dimention is also applied on the country without a Confucian heritage. Those who are engaged in International Business, Sometimes it is amazing to know how different peoples behave in other cultures. We Human tend to have a feeling that all the peoples are same, but it is not like that. Therefore if somebody goes to some other country to make decisions and is going to make decisions same like he used to take in his own country, then it is sure that he is going to take some very bad decisions. Hofstedes research gives us some knowledge about other cultures so that if we are going to some other country, we should be more effective   interacting with peoples in that country. If the information of Hofstedes research is applied properly than it should reduce the level of anxiety, concern and frustration. Most importantly this theory will give an Understanding edge which results to more successful results. Apart from all this there are several drawbacks of applying Hofstedes Theory they are: Firstly the individuals of a country are not related to the averages of that country. Even if this model of theory is said to be correct when it is applied to a general population, one has to be aware that all the regions or even individual will not fit in the mould. It can be used as a reference guide to understand the cultural difference of different countries, but not as a law, as it is known that there are always some exceptions to any rule. Secondly, what is the accuracy of the data? The data is collected by the form of Questionnaires and it has its own limitations. In some cultures the content of the questions asked are more important than the context of the questions asked. If the group oriented cultures are taken into considerations than the individual might can answer as if it is addressed to the group in which he or she is. And Thirdly Are the data that has been collected is up to date? As there are many internal and external factors by which the culture of the country change over times. TROMPENAARS THEORY OF CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: Trompenaars theory was invented by a Dutch author named ‘FONS TROMPENAARS. This model was invented to explain the national cultural differences in the organisation and to show that it is a major challenge for international managers to manage this differences in this incongruous world. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner took ten years to   gather data. Over 15000 managers in 28 countries were sent the questionnaire and 500 usable response was received per country. This helped them to differentiate national cultures. They introduced seven cultural dimensions, they are: Universalism vs. Pluralism Individualism vs. Communitarisnism Specific vs. defuse Affectivity vs. Neutrality Inner direct and outer direct Achieved status vs. Ascribed status Sequential time vs. synchronic time 1) Universalism vs. Particularism: This is based on the question â€Å"Rules are more important or relationships†? A culture assigns the degree of importance either to personal relations or to the law. In universalism peoples think that values, standards and general rules are based on the needs of friends and other relationships and in Particularism friendships and other relations are the terms people think as culture and the rules are on the basis of how peoples are related to each other. 2) Individualism vs. Communitarianism: It is based on the question that â€Å"functions that are done by us are on the basis of groups or Individuals†? This means that the peoples are functioning more as individually or in community. In Individualism, Individual are placed in front of community by the peoples and people think that if the individual is happy or fulfilled then they are happy and fulfilled and they themselves take care of their own. In Communitarianism community is placed in front of Individual, hense it is the responsibility of the individual to act in such a way that serve the society. 3) Specific vs. defuse: It is based on a question that â€Å"how far we get involved†? It shows that the responsibility is assigned specifically or accepted defusely. The elements are analysed individually first and then put together in Specific culture and accordingly the lives of the peoples are divided. People concentrates on hard facts, contracts and standards and in Defuse culture all individual elements are related to each other. The Individual elements are given less importance than the relationships between the elements. 4) Affectivity vs. Neutrality: is based on â€Å"Are we displaying our emotions†? In Affectivity people dont feels to hide their feelings, they prefer to show their emotions and on the other side peoples dont posses to show their feelings and they controls their emotions. 5) Inner direct and outer direct: It is based on â€Å"Are we controlling our environment or we are working with it†? This is a degree in which Individual beleaves that they can control the environment or environment is controlling them. In Inner Direct culture peoples believe that Human can control nature if he/she makes an effort to do that even if it is complex. In Outer direct culture peoples believe to live in Harmony with nature as they have an organic view of nature. 6) Achieved status vs. Ascribed status: It is a degree in which Individuals have to prove themselves to achieve status or it is automatically achieved. Peoples in Achieved status culture believe that they have to accomplish something to get their status and in Ascribed Status culture, peoples believe that they have their status from their birth, gender, wealth or age. 7) Sequential time vs. synchronic time: It is a degree with Individual think in one at a time vs. Individual thinking several things at a time. In a sequential culture people think that time is sequential and the do one thing at a time and in Synchronic culture peoples believe that time is flexible and do several things at a time. (http://www.provenmodels.com/580/seven-dimensions-of-culture/charles-hampden-turnerfons-trompenaars/) COMPARISION OF GREET HOFSTEDE THEORY AND TROMPENAARS THEORY OF CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: Of the seven dimensions of Trompenaars Theory two dimentions of Hofstede Theory are closely reflected. Firstly Trompenaars Communitarianism vs. Individualism value orientation seems to be closely identical to the Individualism value orientation of Hofstede theory and secondly Trompenaars Achieved status vs. Ascribed status appears to be linked with Hofstedes Power Distance Index, If one accepts that Nature has done compromise with Status and not achievement than it shows that it has more willingness to accept power distance. This does not completely matches as Hofstedes power index in not dealing only on how according of status is been done but also how power distance is accorded within the society which is not at all covered by Trompenaars Theory. Trompenaars other dimentions such as Affectivityvs. Neutrality which says that feelings are expressed openly can be compared with Hofstedes Masculinity dimension as it focuses highly on some effects of value dimensions as Trompenaars dimension is not a value aspects but behavioural aspect in itself. The Universalism vs. Particularism which does not trust relationships and is preferring roles can determine meaning as a part of Hofstedes Uncertainty Avoidance Index on one hand and Individualism on the other hand. The Specific vs. defuse dimention of Trompenaars Theory cannot be compared to Hopsteades Theory as there are no links between them. CLASSIFICATION OF THE COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO THEIR RESPECTIVE CONSISTANCY: According to an examination that was done and several countries of the world were taking into consideration, It explains that according to both Hofstedes and Trompenaars Theory   the countries like Japan and India are relatively weaker, while UK, USA and Denmark are relatively Egocentric. There are several other countries such as Greece, Spain and Maxico which are more Egostical according to Trompenaars than Hofstedes theory and the differences cannot be explained wholly. According to Hodgetts and Luthans(2000) they feels that the differences can be due to differ in time frames of both the studies which indicates that change of culture has taken place. On the other hand it indicates that Hofstedes theory is becoming out-dated. Let us take an example of Mexico, its consolidation into Global Economy may be moving away from communitarian value. Cultures does not remains same, they changes as time changes. It is not like todays characterization would be same as it was in 1960s or 70s. The interesting point to note is that the countries such as Hungary and Russia are relatively egoistic despite of their communist past. Trompenaars also extended his research by examine the different cultures according to their nationalities, for this he introduced a new dimension: equality vs. hierarchy, in Hierarchy culture the leader has full authority and is having the best knowledge, this dimension is related with Power Distance dimension of Hofstedes theory. There are some more similarities in both the theories such as: UK and North America are relatively egoistic according to   Trompenaars theory and are relatively low according to the power distance dimension of Hofstedes theory. The countries such as Spain and France are said to be less egalitarian and high in power distance dimension on Hofstedes theory. According to Trompenaars German Culture is hierarchical, but Hofstede says that Germany is relatively low according to power distance. These were some of the countries classified by both the theories according to their respective consistency. (www1.ximb.ac.in//Hofstede%20and%20Trompenaars%20compared) TROMPENAARS DIMENTIONS IN INDIA: Indians believe that they are controlled by the environment, so they strongly accept this point, They are concerned how application of ideas and practices should be done. People in India believe that they are a part of a group, as it is a multicultural country; Indians have respect for their religion and are strongly into family values and traditions. Indians displays their affection neutrally, but they shows assertiveness which is allowed to them. They are always non-violent that is what is thought to them from starting. The size of both Public and Private Spaces are same. The people of India Takes care of their Public spaces as entry to their Public spaces can make entries to their private spaces. Most of the Indians are value ascriptions as they believe in their caste system. Their status title depends on their professional titles, their degrees and age. Friendship is given more importance.

Shellac for Film Formation and its Modification

Shellac for Film Formation and its Modification Shellac for film formation and its modification for enhancement of properties Abstract With the growing environmental concerns associated with synthetic polymers, the need for biopolymers has strongly emerged which can have applications ranging from packaging to electrical applications. Shellac, which is a naturally occurring product resin obtained from insects (female lac bug), is one such component which can be used for production of biopolymeric film. However, due to limitations on mechanical and barrier properties, modification of Shellac is necessary. Following is a reviewed study of modifications of Shellac to improve its film properties, heat resistance, water resistance, gloss and hardness. Keywords: Biopolymers, Shellac, modification, coatings. 1. Shellac With the decrease in petroleum reserves, the need for biocompatible polymers has emerged. Polylactic acid, Zein protein films and Shellac, as in this case, have become vital for environmental concerns. Shellac is a naturally occurring polymer, obtained from resinous secretions of lac insects, Laccifer Lacca (Soradech et al) 1. Shellac as a coating material is mainly used in the fields of food and pharmaceutical industries (Jinwei Wang, Lei Chen, Yedong He) 2. However, one of shellac’s problems is a lack of solubility in commonly used coating solvents such as ketones and glycol ethers (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo) 3. Problems associated with shellac are batch-to-batch variation, need of organic solvent, less stability and less solubility in alkaline pH of intestine, comparing to synthetic and semi-synthetic enteric polymers. Shellac is primarily used as a naturalprimer,sandingsealant,tannin-blocker,odour-blocker,stain, andhigh-glossvarnish. Applications of Shellac Due to excellent film forming and protective properties, it is widely used in food industry, paint industry and to a considerable extent in pharmaceutical industry. Use of biopolymers for packaging applications is severely limited due to poor barrier and mechanical properties (Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira et al) 4. Significant work was carried out by (Hult et al) 5 by using Microfibrillar cellulose (MFC), incorporation of which reduces the Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) value (Syverud et al)6 combined with Shellac to produce fibre based packaging. Significant oxygen barrier for packaging was not obtained but multilayer coating with MFC and Shellac reduced OTR greatly. (D. Phan Te et al) 7 presents another way of eliminating the limitations of biopolymers for packaging. Formation of hydrocolloid-shellac bilayer films produced an enhanced resistance to water and moisture permeability with good mechanical properties. Better mechanical properties and better adhesion to the hydrocolloid layers was obtained with the use of plasticizer. Shellac has also been used widely in Pharmaceutical and drug retention applications. (Berg et al) 8 describes shellac as one of the very few materials to be used as a pharmaceutical coatings. It finds special applications in health applications and nutraceuticals (Krause et al) 9. 2. Modifications of Shellac for enhancement of properties Modification has been carried out to overcome many popular limitations of Shellac films like low heat resistance, poor water resistance, poor solvent resistance, chemical resistance, brittleness, etc. (Sharma et al.) 10 2.1 Crosslinking of acetoacetylated Shellac with multifunctional amine or acrylate (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo) 3 Crosslinking of films was carried out by reaction between acetoacetylated shellac with a multifunctional amine or with a multifunctional acrylate under Michael addition reaction parameters (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo et al.)3. According to (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo et al.)3 Shellac/t-butylacetoacetate films were synthesised for this purpose. The glass transition temperature of the modified shellac was observed to be 4.5 °C. The Tg of unmodified shellac is 54.6 °C.High level of acetoacetylation is indicated to have occurred as acetoacetylation is known to reduce Tgs by reduction in hydrogen bonding capabilities (Clemens, RJ, Rector, FD et al)11. Major purpose was to alter the solubility of the shellac. Modified Shellac was attempted to dissolve in various solvents. It was noted that the modified shellac was soluble in MEK, methyl amyl ketone (MAK), acetone, CHCl3, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPM), THF, and DMAC. The unmodified shellac was soluble in ethano l and DMAC and sparingly soluble or insoluble in MEK, CHCl3, MAK, and DPM. Thus, desired modification was obtained, and (Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo) 2 formed thermoset films crosslinked with two different species, an amine and a multifunctional acrylate. It is possible to modify shellac by reaction with t-butyl acetoacetate. This modification changed significantly different solubility characteristics and the ability to be crosslinked with different species at different temperatures, including ambient temperature. The crosslinked films have well to excellent properties, with the exception of low angle gloss for the DYTEK A cured films. This could reflect some incompatibility on a microscale between the modified shellac and the diamine. Gel content measurements suggest that a high degree of crosslinking has been obtained. 2.2 Modification by use of Maleated Shellac (Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel) 12 Following modification was employed for coating preparation of maleated shellac-acrylic resin emulsion paints, acrylic resin its application as surface coating materials and characteristic. According to (Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel) 12, maleated Shellac was synthesised by treating Shellac with Maleic Anhydride. Shellac solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF), different proportions (10–30% wt of shellac) of maleic anhydride was added and well mixed. The resultant reaction mixture was refluxed for 5 h before cooling and pouring into cold water. Adhesion and smooth finish film were obtained and no observable damage and detachment of the film was observed. Blending of Maleated Shellac with acrylic resin might give rise to the polymerization and/or crosslinking between the two components through the functionality due to unsaturation which resulted in better water resistance and decent alkali resistance even though shellac and becomes easily soluble when it comes in to contact wi th water and alkali, respectively. The coated panels were immersed by (Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel) 12 in water for 5 months and no detachment or discolouration was observed. On the coating after taking out the panels from water. It was noted that water that was socked by the panels, evaporated kept at room temperature. Deterioration water socked panels of the coating was not observed which indicates that the composition resisted uphold of the water/ moisture within the system which is an important feature of the paint formulation. 2.3 Blending of Shellac with Epoxy resin (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 The reaction represented below was employed as a modification for Shellac. Figure 1: Shellac and Epoxy group reaction (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 The above reaction represented in Figure-1 is a reaction mechanism between Shellac and Epoxy group. This reaction was monitored by reducing acid value or reducing epoxide value. The properties obtained were found to be optimum for cured samples containing 70 parts of shellac and 30 parts of the epoxy resin (Tripathi et al) 14. Following figure (Fig. 2) shows the variation in dissipation factor (tan ÃŽ ´) for various shellac-epoxy resin blends with time. Figure-2:Variation of dissipation factor (tan ÃŽ ´) of shellac-epoxy resin varnishes with time. (1) Dewaxed lemon (DL) shellac: epoxy resin = 60:40, mol. wt. of epoxy resin 500; (2) dewaxed lemon (DL) shellac: epoxy resin = 70: 30, mol. Wt. of epoxy resin 1 OOO; (3) dewaxed orange (DO) shellac: epoxy resin = 50: 50, mol. wt. of epoxy resin 1 OOO. (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 The dissipation factor undergoes an initial rise up to around the sixth day after blending and remains almost constant thereafter. The variation of conductivity of different shellac-epoxy resin blends with time is shown in Fig. 3. Figure-3: Conductivity variation with time (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 Conductivity, like dissipation factor, also showed an initial increase with time. Around the sixth day, the variation was found to be biphasic in nature with an inflection. For the blends containing epoxy resins with molecular weights of 500 and 1000 the nature of variation of both dissipation factor and conductivity with time was found to be similar. The variation of specific viscosity of the 70: 30 and 50: 50 blends with time is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Variation of specific viscosity of dewaxed lemon (DL) shellac-epoxy resin varnishes (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 It was observed that initially specific viscosity increases with time and becomes almost constant after six days. A small plateau was observed for the next few days and thereafter specific viscosity increases. It was observed that the values of dissipation factor, conductivity, dielectric strength and specific viscosity of the epoxy resin-free shellac solutions were more or less constant. If the reaction is carried for a longer period, besides the reaction mechanism as shown previously, cross-linking occurs. In this process, the hydroxyl groups of shellac produced by the above mentioned reaction probably react with the epoxide group and/or with the carboxyl group forming a three-dimensional network as shown in Fig.5 Figure 5: Reaction between Hydroxyl group and/or Epoxy or Carboxylic group. (D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar) 13 2.4 Combination of Shellac and Polyamidoamine (R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha) 15 The modification mentioned below was essentially done for drug delivery applications. Natural biodegradable and biocompatible polymer is encouraged as a starting material for synthetic purpose so as to reduce the production of the toxic biodegradable products in body’s physiological environment. By varying the ratio, a wide range of polymers were prepared. Shellac: PAA as 1: 1, 1: 2, and 1: 3 ratios was taken though the characterization was done by taking Shellac and PAA in the ratio 1: 1. According to (R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha) 15, the samples were prepared using the appropriate amount of PAA dissolved in 20 mL of methanol, added to a solution of Shellac in methanol. A solution of 2, 2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (about 2 wt % with respect to the PAA) was added in methanol (around 5 mL) to this mixture with mild stirring. The reaction mixture was poured into a glass petridish and was kept at room temperature. The polymerization was initiated by irradiation with an incandescent broad-spectrum lamp (Philips Comptalux, 150 W), positioned 25 cm above the petridish. Irradiation was continued for 7 h until gelation occurred. The schematic sketch of the reaction leading to the formation of polymeric material is shown in Figure 6. The polymeric material was extensively washed with methanol to remove any residual monomer, then freeze-dried and stored until further use. The resultant product was cut in films, dry in air for three days, and place in a vacuum oven at 25 °C until constant weight. It was observed that PAA was soluble in water where as the corresponding polymer of Shellac-PAA was insoluble in water. Figure-6: Synthesis of Shellac-PAA by photopolymerization technique (R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha) 15 Ethanol served as an ideal solvent for dissolving both the PAA and Shellac-PAA. In acetone the Shellac-PAA was found to be partially soluble. In acetone the Shellac-PAA was found to be partially soluble. Intrinsic viscosity in ethanol for Shellac-PAA was calculated to be 0.247 dL/g. 2.5 Modification of Natural Shellac using a diamine (Jinwei Wang, Lei Chen, Yedong He) 2 Due to the growing concern on the environment and health made it necessary and extremely urgent and valuable to develop environmental friendly coatings. Many commonly used coatings such as polyurethane, epoxy etc. were produced as waterborne coating, solvent-free paint, and radiation curing paints, etc. so that their injury to people and environment could be reduced as little as possible. Shellac is one such environmental friendly coating based on natural product. Shellac was prepared by using aliphatic diamine as a crosslinking agent and ethanol as a solvent. Experimental procedure as reported in (Jinwei Wang, Lei Chen, Yedong He) 2 is that 30 ml purified shellac in ethanol solution (10%wt.) was poured into a flask with mechanic siring. When the solution temperature reached 50 à ¢- ¦C, 1,3-propanediamine (5%wt.of shellac) was dropped into the flask in 30 min followed by continuously stirring for another 1 h. The modified shellac could be obtained as a yellowbrown solution which c ould be used directly or deep brown powder by evaporating the ethanol at 45 à ¢- ¦C under vacuum. Natural Shellac was modified with 1,3-propanediamine by using Ethyl alcohol functioning as a solvent. When compared this modified shellac to the usual shellac, it was observed that the anticorrosive performances of the modified shellac on copper was greatly improved. These betterments were said to have occurred due to the establishment of network structure and the origination of hydrophobic propane chain in the shellac structure, and hence reducing the penetration speed of ionics and water onto the surface of copper. Other organic diamine such as, ethylene diamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, etc. can also be used for similar modification. Depending on the chain lengths of these aliphatic groups, we might have different effect on the protective performance of the modified shellac. 3. Conclusion Thus, considering the various limitations of Shellac like pH sensitivity, limited solubility, less stability, etc we can employ the modifications described in the above section. Modifications can include blending with another polymer to form a biocompatible polymer, or crosslinking. It can also be done by converting Shellac to some other material, as in this case, Maleated Shellac. Such modifications are of great importance which will result in better heat resistance, gloss, hardness, water resistance, etc. and overcoming of limitations of Shellac, which is a vital component in the field of biopolymer. References Sitthiphong Soradech, Jurairat Nunthanid, Sontaya Limmatvapirat, Manee Luangtana-anan (2011) â€Å"An approach for the enhancement of the mechanical properties and film coating efficiency of shellac by the formation of composite films based on shellac and gelatin† Journal of Food Engineering 108 (2012) 94–102 Jinwei Wang , Lei Chen, Yedong He (2008) â€Å"Preparation of environmental friendly coatings based on natural shellac modified by diamine and its applications for copper protection† Progress in Organic Coatings 62 (2008) 307–312 Jennifer T. Otto, David L. Trumbo (2010) â€Å"A shellac derivative in thermoset coatings† J. Coat. Technol. Res., 7 (4) 525–527, 2010 Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira, Mariana Altenhofen da Silva, Lucielen Oliveira dos Santos, Marisa Masumi Beppu (2010) â€Å"Natural-based plasticizers and biopolymer films: A review† European Polymer Journal 47 (2011) 254–263 Eva-Lena Hult, Marco Iotti, Marianne Lenes (2010) â€Å"Efficient approach to high barrier packaging using microfibrillar cellulose and shellac† Cellulose (2010) 17:575–586 Syverud K, Stenius P (2009) Strength and barrier properties of microfibrillar cellulose (MFC) films. Cellulose 16(1):75–85 Phan The D, Debeaufort F, Luu D, Voilley A (2008) Moisture barrier, wetting and mechanical properties of shellac/agar or shellac/cassava starch bilayer bio-membrane for food applications. J Membr Sci 325:277–283 Sonja Berg, Manuela Bretz, Eva Maria Hubbermann, Karin Schwarz (2011) â€Å"Influence of different pectins on powder characteristics of microencapsulated anthocyanins and their impact on drug retention of shellac coated granulate† Journal of Food Engineering 108 (2012) 158–165 Krause, K.P., Mà ¼ller, R.H., (2001) â€Å"Production of aqueous shellac dispersions by high pressure homogenisation†. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 223 (1–2), 89–92 S. K. Sharma, S. K. Shukla, D. N. Vaid (1983) â€Å"Shellac-Structure, Characteristics Modification† Def Sci J, yo] 33, No.3, July 1983, pp 261-271 Clemens, RJ, Rector, FD (1989) ‘‘Synthesis of Acetoacetyl—Functional Resins.’’ J. Coat. Technol., 61 770 Hasmukh S. Patel and Sumeet J. Patel (2010) â€Å"Novel Surface Coating System Based on Maleated Shellac† E-Journal of Chemistry 2010, 7(S1), S55-S60 D. N. Goswami and S. Kumar (1984) â€Å"Study on the Curing of Shellac with Epoxy Resins by Dielectric Measurements† Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 126 (1984) 145 152 (Nr. 1992) S. K. M. Tripathi, S. Kumar, G. S. Misra, Indian J. Technol. 4 (1966) 15 R. K. Dey, G. S. Tiwary, Tanushree Patnaik, Usha Jha (2012) â€Å"Shellac-Polyamidoamine: Design of a New Polymeric Carrier Material for Controlled Release Application† Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 125, 2626–2635 (2012)

King Lear :: William Shakespeare Literature Essays

King Lear, Abbey exhibited King Lear, another of his large, dramatic pictures, at the Royal Academy in 1898; the painting was accompanied in the catalog by these lines from Act I, scene i: Ye jewels of our father, with washed eyes Cordelia leaves you. I know what you are; And, like a sister, am most loth to call Your faults as they are named. Love well our father. To your professed bosoms I commit him. But yet, alas! stood I within his grace, I would prefer him to a better place. So farewell to you both. The critics saw much to like in Abbey's King Lear. The reviewer for The Art Journal (1898, p. 176) comments especially on the bold use of color and the grouping of the figures on the canvas: If the admirers of Mr. Abbey felt that the note of the superbly dramatic 'Richard III.' was not repeated with similar force in last year's 'Hamlet and Ophelia,' all doubts should be set at rest by the barbaric majesty of the Scene from 'Lear,' a subject which, under the title of 'Cordelia's Portion,' inspired Madox Brown to the production of one of his finest compositions. The dominant figure in Mr. Abbey's commanding decoration is Cordelia, and it is impossible to resist the colour-charm in which she is invested. Her yellow-green vestment with the deep blue border set against the green robe of France, and opposed to the menacing reds and blacks of Goneril and Regan, is a triumph of originality. As in Richard III. there is a strong suggestion motion, and the drooping figure of Lear sustained by his pages and followed by his men-at-arms from the left to right of the canvas gives this note. The dramatic figure of the sisters in the attitudes of dignified indifference and mock courtesy are splendidly realized, and the foot-light effect discernible throughout the picture certainly adds to the intenseness of the composition. Unmistakably in this important group, Mr. Abbey has reached a very high level and is going far to prove, by this magnificent series of object lessons, that his decorative style is capable of giving the fullest expression of dramatic motives. "H. S.," the reviewer for The Spectator (May 14, 1898, p. 694), also remarks on the "audacity of the colour" and judges the effects "gorgeous and beautiful." "The truth of the gestures," he adds, "are as finely conceived as are the combinations of scarlet and purple black crimson and sea-green.

Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Change

What happens when too much carbon dioxide gets omitted into the Earth’s atmosphere? The condition known as Global Warming occurs. Global Warming is the rising of the Earth’s surface temperature due to chemicals in the atmosphere. Global Warming has many threats on the climate and even the health of the people on this planet. Some of these threats include the altering of crop seasons and even effect the way organisms survive on the planet. The first thing I think I should discuss when talking about global warming is what causes it to occur. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, which are known as greenhouse gases, all build up in the atmosphere of the earth. All these gases make it so that it becomes harder for the radiation that the sun shines into the atmosphere to escape. The heat continues to build up and this is what causes the temperatures to increase. I know this seems like the temperatures increase massively but in the last hundred years the average temperature of the Earth has gone up between 0.8 and 1.0 degrees farenheight. Also in the last fifteen years, we have had the ten warmest years in record. Global Warming also helps the Earth and it has been for many years. Without global warming, the Earth’s temperature would be a lot lower than the 60-degree average. Unfortunately due to there being many more harmful â€Å"greenhouse gases† being placed into the atmosphere, instead of the temperature staying at a constant, its rising. What are many of the dangers of the Earth’s temperature rising? First of all it cause many of the glaciers that are floating in the Arctic and Greenland to melt. This in turn causes the sea levels to rise around the world. In the last hundred years alone the seas around the planet have risen anywhere from four to ten inches. I know it does not sound like a massive change but being able to raise all the seas in the world a whole ten inches is a huge problem. Sea levels also continue to rise is because the hotter temperature cause the ocean water to expand. An example of the sea level causing problems could happen on a little Native Island in the middle of an Ocean. On these islands usually where native tribes live, if the sea level rises three fourths of a meter then half of the island will sink. This could happen in many different islands around the world and if the water keeps on rising as it ... ...ications for the rest of the world are serious. Even a partial melting of the polar ice caps will cause sea levels to rise so much as to completely wipe out most coastal cities. This includes such big cities such as San Francisco and New York. Those cities that are not totally wiped out by the water will eventually be hit with hurricanes much more severe than any other one in history. Of course, inland cities are not safe either. Rather than surging seawaters and hurricanes, they will face drought. So what can be done in order to keep from all of that from happening? We need to stop putting so much pollution in to the air. No matter what there will always be a little bit of Carbon Dioxide omitted into the atmosphere. If we could just limit all the coal and fossil fuels that we burn, there will not be so much â€Å"greenhouse gases† and it would keep all of that from happening so quickly. There have also been many attempts by the United States Presidents Administrations in order to help slow down the effect. In my lifetime I know that I won’t see anything too drastic happen due to global warming, but there is a chance that my children and grandchildren will. Hopefully they wont.

The Effects of Television on Child Development Essay -- TV Television

Our generation has been raised in a technological advanced world and there has been definite controversy over many of these innovations that this new culture has brought. An innovation that has troubled the youth of America for many years is television. Although there is no certainty to eliminate this 'plug-in drug,'; there are many ways to control and monitor your television as a parent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children between two and eleven years of age watch an average of 25 hours of television a week.(Children's Television) Which means that children spend more time watching television than in school. With that statistic it is no wonder why this is such a huge problem that this nation has to deal with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many facts that show how children are affected by television. The most obvious is the effects that television has on the brain. 'Television interferes with the development of intelligence, thinking skill and imagination.';(LimiTv) A huge element of thinking is taking from what you already know and deciding how it applies in different situation. School makes you do this, but television does not. Michael and Sheila Cole, sociologist, say that 'Children socialized to learn from television had lower than normal expectations about the amount of mental effort required to learn from written texts, and tended to read less and perform relatively poorly in school.';(Development of Children 24) Which means that it takes very little effort to follow a television show and kids are raised on television believe that it takes less effort to learn from television rather than books because they have been 'spoon-fed'; information by television. 'Opportunities for a child's imagination to develop are also denied by habitual viewing.'; (Neural Activity and the Growth of the Brain) Children need some unstructured time to allow imagination skills to form by thinking about a book or story, a conversation, or an event. 'Television also conditions a child to dual stimui: sound and images.';(Neural Activity and the Growth of the Brain) The constant and rapidly changing sound and images can condition a child to expect the level of televisions in other situations. The problem with this is that in school children are called upon to speak, to listen, to work some problems, or read, and none of these tasks contain the 'dual stimula'; that children expect from television. Dr. Hinto... ...-off fail because each parent has different opinions, sending mixed messages to the children. Confidently present the idea of a turn-off, giving all the reasons you think is worthwhile. Make straightforward deals 'If you'll do this, I'll do†¦). And even if you can't get outright participation, try for a show of solidarity in front of the children. Presenting the idea to pre-school children and toddlers does not require advance discussion. In most cases, all that is needed is a matter of fact statement that we will not be watching television this week. Also, getting company for you television turn-off is valuable. Support from friends and neighbors, as well as teachers and classmates can be a great help. A turn-off is more enjoyable if other families are involved. During this turn-off time you will find that your kids, as well as you have, a lot of more time on your hands. During this time that your children are not watching television there is many enjoyable activities that your children will find fun and that are educational as well, see appendix. These great ways to have fun with your children are a great alternative to television and your children will love these games also.