Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costing - Essay Example The Target costing method is widely used in the RD&E phase of the total life cycle of a good. The Target costing accounting method has been extensively used since time immemorial. This method dates back to the early 20th century at the height of industrial revolution in Europe and North America. Henry Ford, the famous engineer designed the first vehicle in 1908 in a factory with an aim of minimizing costs and maximizing profits through mass production. Ford managed to retail the T model vehicle at an average of $ 495 in the year 1913 (Wilson 2013). Understandably, for him to achieve that fete, the engineer and his planners had to minimize production costs to a bare minimum. Henry Ford accounted for raw material expenses through a backward integration process, labour expenses through specialization and division of labour and other expenses through frugal behaviour. Fords Company received a boost after the end of the Second World War (WWII) for the demand for the vehicles rose sharply (Wilson 2013). With increased demand, the price for the vehicle increased upwards. Because Target costing is normally applied to fresh merchandise planning, which mostly needs investments in new tools and equipment, it is justifiably correct to say that price influences both investments and expenses. The Total life cycle cost accounting method is a broad way for company executives to comprehend and account for costs through merchandises design, creation, and manufacturing, promotion, delivery, maintenance, service and clearance phases. It denotes a process of organizing all expenses along the value chain (Keuper 2011). By way of employing this method, cost managers are able to salvage some significant costs. By selected approximations, about 80% of goods total life expenses are committed by assessments made in the course of the RD& E phase, emphasizing the significance of managing all expenses along the value

Monday, October 28, 2019

Of mice and men Coursework Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men Coursework Essay I have been given the following question what does the novel show the reader about the authors view of the American dream? The novel mice and men written by john steinbeck examines two main characters George and Lennie who are travelling together in the hope of a successful dream. In my opinion the book strongly refers to the American dream and portrays how desperate they are for the dream to materialise. The American dream is constructed on the theme that anyone can achieve success so long as they work hard enough. The dream originated when many people immigrated to America. The majority of people leaving the countries were lower class people. The conditions virtually meant that the country would make them lower class for life. When Europeans left for America they were told that everyone would be landowner, they would live like kings and the streets were paved with gold. Everybody would live equally. This was a wonderful dream for the Europeans fleeing from the class system of their home countries. This soon became known as the American dream and had a huge influence on the American society, with hard working and strong willed people. In the book George and Lennie share a dream together, and this dream has several elements that refer to the American dream. George and Lennie believed that if they worked hard enough and ran up a stake they would be in a position to own their own farm. In the very first chapter George describes the dream when he tells lennie we are going to have a little house and a couple of chickens and a couple of acres of land and a cow and some pigs. At this moment lennie would interrupt and shout an live off the fatta the land. An have rabbits. Lennie was most excited and enchanted by the dream, as he would constantly ask George to tell him about rabbits. George tells lennie not to tell anyone about the dream; you almost get the feeling that George thinks that if the dream is shared the dream will be lost. This is shown when George says to lennie Dont tell nobody about it. Jus us three an nobody else. They lible to can us so we cant make no stake. However, because of the special bonding between George and lennie there is an aura about them that says the dream will be successful. This is typified when lennie says that the dream will have an happy ending because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you and that why. This continues to show that they have the belief and desire for the dream to succeed. In the novel candy an old swamper who works on the ranch also has a dream Candys dream is to have security. Security in his job, that he wont be sacked because hes getting too old, or because hes useless because hes only got one hand, this normally wouldnt effect someone now but in the time the book was set Candys chance of getting a job if he was sacked from the ranch would be minute. Because of this insecurity Candy is very scared of Curly and the boss. In the book when Curly first meets George he speaks nicely about the boss and said that at Christmas he gave them whisky. I think he lied to George about the boss in case George told the boss what he had said which would have been true but nasty. When the boss comes into the room Candy quickly makes up an excuse why hes talking to George and Lennie and gets back to work. He did this because he doesnt want to get in any trouble with the boss because the boss might sack him. Then Candy will have no job and will be too old to get another one in addition to this he cant retire and because he doesnt have any family to go to hell probably have to live on the streets. When he accidentally overhears George and lennie discussing the dream Candy wants to go along and be involved to. Now Candy thinks hes going to be leaving the ranch soon to go with George to his dream farm, his attitude towards Curly, the Boss and Curlys wife changes. When Curly starts on Lennie, Candy quickly rushes to his defence. Glove fulla Vaseline, he said disgustedly Referring to the glove Curly wears on his hand to keep soft for his wife. He is not scared of Curly and the boss anymore because if he gets sacked he feels he can just move on to Georges dream farm. With Candys newfound confidence he starts sharing his views and sticking up for other people such as Crooks the black stable buck. Curlys wife is verbally attacking Crooks, telling him how she can get him killed if she wanted too. Candy retaliates by saying, If you was to do that, wed tell Wed tell about you framing Crooks. He sticks up for Crooks, which shows he wasnt racist and that he also had a dream for a better society. This is that when you have worked and are getting old you would have money, a pension, and that everyone is treated equally like him and Crooks. This shows that the book reflects the time its set because Candy would probably have a pension and wouldnt have been able to get sacked without out a just cause in our time. Crooks is an illustration of the way in which loneliness can corrupt and destroy a man. Crooks has a double burden, he is not only a Negro in a society that immediately relegates non-whites to a sub-human status, but also a partial cripple in a society that values human beings simply on their ability to provide a service. Crooks dream is to be treated like a human and be accepted in society. Because hes black hes always been bullied and picked on by most of the others. Candy, George and Lennie are the only ones who dont regard Crooks as sub-human. Candy describes him as a nice fella. He is never allowed to go out with the other people in the ranch and has to stay in his own room in the barn, he hates everyone at the ranch because they treat him badly, he says to Lennie, They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you, you all stink to me. While talking to Lennie, Crooks reminisces of his childhood. How his father owned a chicken ranch and the white children used to come and he would play with them, and how most of them didnt care about the colour of his skin and that they were nice to him. He recalls Instead of how he slept all alone now, he used to sleep with his two brothers. They was always near me, always there. Used to sleep right in the same room, right in the same bed-all three. He was happy in the past, dignified, because he wasnt alone and he was treated equally and he wants that back. In the whole novel we never hear the name of Curleys wife, she is always referred to as Curleys wife. This makes her sound like she is Curleys property, like Curleys shoes or Curleys horse. Maybe she doesnt deserve one, maybe that if she married Curley she would get a name. This reflects on her dream of equal rights for women. She is a very lonely person; she has no one to talk to except the men on the ranch who dont really listen to her. So to make them listen to her, or pretend to in most cases, she dresses provocatively to get attention. However Candy and others see her as a tart and shes always giving the eye. Even Curly doesnt notice her; he still goes out to the cat houses with the other ranch workers, instead of staying with his wife. She seems to be hurt by this, she says. Think I dont know where they all went?. I know where they all went. Curleys wifes dream is to be a star, when she was young, she was asked to go on a show, but her mother wouldnt let her. Film work was one of the few types of work you could get as a woman, it was every girls dream, but it was often only a scam to take advantage of young women. Curleys wife remembers how a man in the pitchers said he was going to write to her about being in the movies. But she says her mother stole the letter when it came, when really it didnt come at all. When Lennie killed her the writer says. The meanness and.. the ache for attention were all gone from her face. This means that she didnt have to try anymore and life wasnt just one long struggle for recognition. She had been released and was now more beautiful and alive than ever. However, from the moment Curleys wifes neck was broken George realised that Curley will want Lennie lynched and, even worse, that their dream had been shattered by Lennies actions. When George finally caught up with Lennie they discussed the dream one last time before George took Carlsons lugar and shot him. He was dead. To conclude I would say that the author has a very negative view of the American dream. All these dreams failed, George will never get his farm with Lennie, Crooks and Curleys wife will never have equal rights to a white man and Candy will always be in fear of losing his job.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Fast Cars and a Clean Environment Essay -- Environmental Ethics Ethica

Fast Cars and a Clean Environment Many people would love the idea of having the fastest car ever or just having a speedy and sleek sports car to drive around for that matter. The idea of being able to â€Å"flex† the power of your car every time the light turns green make people long for a high-speed car. Many automakers are making faster and faster or cars with more horsepower for this demand. For instance, BMW’s E36 (1996- 1999) M3 models peaked at an amazing 234 horsepower and 226 pounds per feet of torque, but this wasn’t enough for many BMW enthusiasts. So in 2001 BMW came out with its E46 M3 model that housed an astonishing 333 horsepower and 270 pounds per feet of torque engine, which is an increase of almost 100 horsepower from the previous E36 M3 models. This dealt with the demands for faster cars (1). There is a great price for living out this dream. The earth’s already depleting supply of fossil fuel and damage to the environment, such as the ozone layer, is being further injure d from the combustion engines of cars. With the combination of more and more people learning about the environmental problems caused by combustion engines and the raised prices for gas caused by the huge demand for oil, automakers are now working on environmentally safe cars that consume less gas. Then why isn’t everyone driving an environmentally safe car right now if they know that they are killing the environment as they drive? One of the main reasons that many people have no intentions of ever purchasing these cars is simply because of the fact that these cars are known to have almost twice as less horsepower as an average car and therefore accelerate almost twice as slow. Many car enthusiasts, who love to drive fast cars, will have no reason... ...s_47915.asp 4.Karim Nice, How Fuel Cells Work, howstuffworks.com, 10 Nov. 2003, http://science.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm 5. Karim Nice, How Rotary Engines Work, howstuffworks.com, 10 Nov, 2003, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/rotary-engine1.htm 6. Roger Schreffler, Japan Carmakers Show Fuel Cell, H2 I.C. Concepts, Prototypes at Tokyo Motor Show, 2003, The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Letter, !7 Nov. 2003, http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/November03/ 7. California Clean Air Act Streamlining AB 3048 (Olberg), 2003,California Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Nov 2003, http://www.calepa.ca.gov/Legislation/1996/ab3048.htm 8. Clean Air--California's Successes and Future Challenges,2003,California Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Nov 2003, http://www.arb.ca.gov/ba/omb/50thfinal/tsld009.htm 9 . Dinan BMW, 10 Nov. 2003, http://dinancars.com/default.htm

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Wide Reading

Describe a character that interests you in The Fat Man and explain why that character interested you. Colin a 12 year old boy interested me from the book The Fat Man by Maurice Gee. Colin is a hungry boy caught up by the effects of the Depression. He learns from the fat man that his dad was a bully in school and the fat man wants revenge for what they did to him. Colin is interesting because of the time he lives in and because he has to learn truths about his parents and being brave and helping Verna.We learn from the book that Colin is a hungry skinny 12 year old boy who is always desperate for food. As it was the Depression there was not enough money to buy food to eat. Laurie (Colin’s father) has trouble finding a job and getting enough money to feed his family. In the book it tells us that Colin is a hungry boy with the quotation â€Å"Colin Potter was a hungry boy. † The other quotation â€Å"They were hard times. There were hungry times† tell us that Colinà ¢â‚¬â„¢s dad can’t find a job and get money that they need to buy food and they were quite hungry when Laurie couldn’t earn money.I thought this was interesting as it is different from how children nowadays are being brought up in New Zealand and having enough food for the whole family to have plenty to replenish their hunger when we are hungry. It is hard to imagine how New Zealand children were like during the Depression, hungry for food. Colin is interesting because he has a scary encounter with the fat man and learns that he wants revenge for being bullied by Colin’s father at school. Colin meets the fat man at the creek. The fat man holds him back even though he doesn’t want to and discovers Colin had stolen his chocolate.The fat man soon discovers that Maisie and Laurie were Colin’s parents. The fat man tells Colin about his parents. How his father bullied him at school and farting and blaming everything on the fat man. Laurie and his friends also spat sandwiches everyday at the fat man and made him eat them. â€Å"I cried too, everyday for a year. Pottsie liked it†. It tells us that Laurie made the fat man cry as he bullied him everyday for a year and the fat man hated it a lot. The second quotation â€Å"Then they’d spit on it†¦ Spit sandwich was its name.I ate one of those everyday. † The fat man had to go through Laurie and his friends spitting sandwiches on him everyday and he didn’t like it. It is very interesting seeing how Colin deals with truths about his father. In Colin’s eyes, his father seemed smaller to him now. Colin is a very interesting boy as he was very kind and supportive towards Verna when she had hard times. Despite Colin being very afraid of the fat man and the bullies at school, Colin stands up for Verna and walks her home even though he knows that the Rice gang is going to get him soon.Colin walks home with Verna. The quote in the book is â€Å"I’l l walk with you† which was very kind of him even though he didn’t want to. Colin’s bravery to me makes him a very interesting character. Colin is a very interesting character in this whole story. He overcomes his fear of the fat man and the bullies at school because he was a kind boy and wanted to help Verna. I also learnt more about the Depression – how many people could not find jobs and therefore their families could not afford food.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

The Day I will always remember

Well what can I say about this amazing night out? I knew from the moment that I heard it was confirmed to happen that it really was going to be something special, after all it is (in my opinion) the greatest DJ on the planet playing in my favourite club on the planet. I have been a serious fan of Lisa Lashes ever since I first heard her play in Spank @ Ceasers, Dundalk and I fell in love with her mental non-slacking style off pure Hard House. So naturally when I heard she was coming to play in ‘The Met' there was nothing on this planet that could stop me from witnessing this night. As for ‘The Met', well what can I say. Three things make it my favourite club in Ireland. Firstly a layout to die for consisting of one single huge tremendous off Arena. (Co-incidentally that is how it is known to the die-hard posse i. e. ‘The Arena') With the dance floor being the lowest point, then there's the stage with two wicked podiums, the place then works its way up a series of pumping balconies & staircases right to the very top mental balconies and the DJ box is situated just above the main stage. Secondly the absolutely spectacular sound & light systems are both absolutely first class, I have been going to the Met for about 2 years and I have never once witnessed any problems with the light-show or the sound system. Last but absolutely in no way least, the crowd. Every Saturday night the place is filled with mental up for it clubbers from all over the north and south of Ireland who I know all feel as passionate about the place as I do. At about 12:00 when the place is at its peak if you stop for a second and take a look around at this unique place it really never fails to send goosebumps shooting all over your body. To put it in layman's terms ‘The Met' rocks the house every Saturday night without fail, and this one was gonna be twice as nuts! The night started off in a small bar in Dundrum with the place slowly filling up with well up for it clubbers psyching themselves up for a truly unforgettable night. I was saddened by the fact that my usual accomplice & partner in crime Micky was unable to make it for the night (I know she would have felt right at home at a nuts night like this) but this just meant I was going to have to compensate by going twice as nuts. We arrived at about 8:00pm and already the place was bunged to the gills but I'm glad that the Met had decided to stick to its Maximum capacity restriction of just slightly over 2,000 as we all feared we were gonna be crammed in like sardines. Though the place was packed you still had good room to walk about and generally go mad. The music was going unbelievable, the place was bouncing and you would have been forgiven if you had thought it was Lisa Lashes herself on the decks but it was none other than the resident DJ Mal Black doing what he does best, whipping the crowd into an absolute frenzy. Then at 10:00 came the moment everyone had been waiting for. Marc Dobbin winds the crowd up †could you please give a warm Met welcome for the top Hard House DJ in the UK, FOR THE DJ LISA LASHES†. The needle dropped and with that I swear to God in all my years of attending the Met I have never seen the place lose the plot like that. For the next two hours I got the full onslaught that you would only expect from Lisa Lashes and then some, no matter how mental I thought the next tune was gonna be it was always Harder and Faster than I expected. There was thumping baselines and a rolling galore all through her set and there was definitely parts of my brain touched that night that were never reached before and more than likely will never be again. Well that's a lie because just before the end of her set it was announced to the huge appreciation of the crowd that she will be re-visiting the Met again in the very near future. Gods Kitchen are taking up a monthly residency in the Met with Lisa and the equally hard and brilliant Fergie taking it month about to cause mayhem in Armagh. After Lisa's set came on AJ Gibson who I had never heard of before but I really hope to hear of again. Although his set wasn't as hard and as furious as Lisa's I believe it was a more intelligent set and I think he done really well considering he had such a hard act to follow. The second resident DJ of the night, the absolutely amazing Mandy Reid who sent the crowd nuts for the last half-hour or so of the night followed his set. I really do believe that the Met should be proud to have the two greatest DJs in the north of Ireland grace the decks there every Saturday night. Then the night as always in the Met came to an end far too early (it could end at 5:00am and it would still be too early) and it was of home in the hunt for a party. So after one of the greatest nights of my life I would like to thank, Gods Kitchen for there amazing dicor, dancers and crazy performers. The Met for, well simply for being the Met. Mal & Mandy for once again blowing my head of with the best in new and old trance & house. AJ Gibson for also doing an excellent job on the decks and finally Lisa Lashes for absolutely tearing the place up with the greatest style of music played in the greatest way possible, I look forward to seeing her again.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Offer and acceptance of advance repudiation The WritePass Journal

Offer and acceptance of advance repudiation Introduction Offer and acceptance of advance repudiation Introduction1. The lapse of time:2.   Accepting the breach:Affirming the contractCharactersistics:Requirements:1. Legitimate interest:2. No cooperation:Risk to the non-breaching party following the decision to affirm after the other party’s anticipatory repudiation:ReferencesRelated Introduction Repudiation in the present sense occurs where a party indicates, either expressly or impliedly, by words or conduct that he does not intend to honor his obligations when they fall due in the future.(Richards, 2004) and (Furmston, 2006) p.688 It must be observed that, even if the party wrongfully repudiates all further liability, the contract will not automatically come to an end. Sinceits termination is the converse of its creation, principle demands that it should not be recognized unless this is what both party intend. The familiar test of offer and acceptance serves to determine their common intention. Where A and B are parties to an executor contract and A indicates that he is no longer able or willing to perform his outstanding obligations, he in effect makes an offer that the contract shall be discharged.(Furmston, 2006) Therefore B is presented with an option. He may either refuse or accept the offer as in Denmark Productions Ltd v Boscobel Productions Ltd[1]. More precisely, he may either affirm the contract by treating it as still in force or on the other hand he may treat it as finally and conclusively discharged. The consequences vary according to the choice that he prefers.(Furmston, 2006). Once the innocent party has elected to affirm or for that matter to treat the contract as discharged, he cannot retract his election. In Panchaud Frà ¨res SA v Établissements General Grain Co.[2] it was held that affirmation is really a species of waiver that results in an innocent party being stopped form alternating his election.(Richards, 2004) 1. The lapse of time: The injured party does have time to decide whether to affirm or terminate the contract but doing nothing for too long may be seen as affirmation as in the case StoczniaGdanska SA v Latvian Shipping[3]. (Koffman and Macdonald, 2004) The Court of Appeal recognized that there was a period prior to the election when the non-breaching party was making up its mind whether to terminate or affirm. In this period the contract and the right to terminate were both kept alive. As Rix LJ noted, this period cannot extend indefinitely and inaction over a sufficiently lengthy period may be held to constitute affirmation. In addition, since the contract remains alive until the non-breaching party terminates, the non-breaching party will be subject to the same risks that affect the non-breaching party who formally affirms. (Poole, 2008) 2.   Accepting the breach: An anticipatory breach of contract entitles the innocent party to terminate performance of the contract immediately. The novel feature of anticipatory breach is that acceptance of the breach entitles the innocent party to claim damages at the date of acceptance of the breach. He does not have to wait until the date fixed for performance, even though this has the effect of accelerating the obligations of the party in breach. It does seem illogical to say that a party can be in breach of contract before the time fixed for performance under the contract(McKendrick, 2009). The innocent party may choose to immediately terminate the contract and sue for damages even though the date for actual performance has not passed. This choice arises, it is said, because the other party has repudiated the contract by her actions.(Atiyah and Smith, 2006) Where the innocent party does decide to terminate performance of the contract he must give notice to the party in breach that he is accepting the anticipatory breach (or otherwise overtly evidence his acceptance of the breach) and he must not inconsistently with his decision to accept the breach (McKendrick, 2009). The innocent party has the right to elect to accept the repudiation as discharging the contract with the result that all his future obligations under the contract come to an end, as do the obligations of the guilty party, though here his obligation to pay damages arises by operation of law, as stated in Moschi v Lep Air Services Ltd.[4](Richards, 2004) There are, of course, dangers in treating an action by the other party as repudiation if it turns out to be viewed otherwise by the court. The party purporting to accept a repudiatory breach may well take action (as was the case in Vitol v Norelf) which itself involves a breach may find the tables turned and that that party itself is now liable to damages for its own breach of the contract. In Federal Commerce and Navigation Co Ltd v Molena Alpha Inc, the Nan Fir[5] which concerned the operation of three time charter parties, the charters deduct various amounts from the hire which they paid to the owners. The owners objected and issued instructions to the masters of a vessel concerned to withdraw all authority to the charters on their agents to sign the bills of lading. This action was held to amount to a repudiatory breach which entitled the charter to terminate the charter parties. (Stone, 2009) The innocent party must act so as to make plain that he claims to treat the contract as at an end. There is no reason why the acceptance of an anticipatory repudiation should not take the form of words or conducts which make it plain that the innocent party is responding to the repudiation by treating a contract as at an end. Thus, a failure to perform contractual obligations is capable of amounting to an acceptance of an anticipatory repudiation of a contract: Vitol S.A v Norelf Ltd; The Santa Clara[6]. The non-breaching party can sue at once, need not wait and if he does, he can win even though at the time of action his right is contingent, leading case is Frost v Knight 1872. (Upex et al., 2003) The most striking feature of the doctrine of anticipatory breach is that the acceptance of the breach entitles the victim to claim damages at one, before the time fixed for performance. This rule was established in Hochster v De La Tour. (Peel, 2007) Hochster v De La Tour[7] made it clear that damage can be claimed immediately on the basis of an accepted anticipatory breach without any need to wait for the time of performance. A similar result was reached in Frost v Knight[8]. In that case the defendant was promised the plaintiff that he would marry her when his father die. Subsequently the defendant broke off his engagement to the plaintiff. She took action while the defendant’s father was still alive and was successful in her claim. (Koffman and Macdonald, 2004) A leading case upon this subject is Hochster v De La Tour. The right to claim damages immediately exists even when the performance is not absolute as in Hochster v De La Tour but contingent as in Frost v Knight. In that case, performance was contingent upon an event which might not happen within the lifetime of the party.(Beatson, 2002) If the non-breaching party has terminated following the renunciation, it is clear that he can claim for damages from that time and does not need to wait until the date fixed for performance under the contract (Hochster v De La Tour). However, the non-breaching party would be under a duty to mitigate its loss as from the date of termination. In Reichman v Beveridge[9], a landlord and tenant case, the tenant argued that having left the premises three years into a five-year lease, there was a duty placed on the landlord to mitigate in a claim for rent arrears following the abandonment, e.g., by finding a replacement tenant, marketing the premises and not rejecting offers from prospective tenants. However, the Court of Appeal accepted that there was no such duty to mitigate in an action in debt (i.e., the action for arrears of rent).(Poole, 2008) Awarding damages for breach before performance is due may seem objectionable because where the interval between termination and the time of performance is long; an immediate damages award accelerates the defendant’s obligations and increases the potential for errors in quantifying damages since that conventionally rests on the market value of the lost performance at the time of performance. However, the rule can be justified for encouraging the speedy resolution of broken-down contracts and minimizing the claimant’s losses. It gives the claimant the incentive to terminate the contract immediately and move on, rather than keeping himself ready to perform (which is likely to increase his loss) a contract which will inevitably be breached come the time of performance.(Chen-Wishart, 2007) Affirming the contract Charactersistics: The non-breaching party can choose not to accept the repudiation, say by communicating that she is still expecting performance from the other party, then the contract remains in operation. In this case the innocent party can terminate or sue for damages if and when the breach actually happens, but in the meantime must remain ready to perform as required by the contract. This principle that the innocent party must remain able and willing to perform if he keeps the contract alive is, however, qualified by another principle, to the effect that if the guilty party continues to make it quite clear that he will not perform, the the innocent party can eventually abandon his attempts to perform. This can either be seen as an ultimate acceptance by conduct of the repudiation, after its initial rejection, or as an act of induced reliance by the innocent party, which stops the guilty party from complaining about the former’s inability to perform. (Atiyah and Smith, 2006) On the basis that the breach is repudiatory, the usual election will apply so that the non-breaching party will have the option of accepting the breach as terminating the contract, or affirming and awaiting performance on the contractual date set for that performance to begin (Fercometal SARL v Mediterranean Shipping Co. SA[10]).(Poole, 2008) In White Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor[11], the House of Lords (by a majority of 3:2) held that they were entitled to recover the contract price. There was no requirement that they minimize (or mitigate) their loss by finding an alternative business or product to advertise on the litterbins.(Poole, 2008) One of the reasons for the strict approach to identification of affirmation as requiring clear and unequivocal evidence of an intention to continue with the contract, is frequently stated to be that the election is irrevocable, i.e., having affirmed, the non-breaching party cannot change its mind in the period between affirmation and the contractual date for performance (although following non-performance on the contractual date there would be a new opportunity to elect to terminate or affirm for that actual repudiatory breach. As stated by Lord Ackner in Fercometal v Mediterranean Shipping: ‘there is no third choice to affirm the contract and yet be absolved from tendering further performance unless and until the breaching party gives reasonable notice that he is one again able and willing to perform’.(Poole, 2008) It has long been recognized that where the breach is continuing one (i.e., it continues after affirmation) and is repudiatory, the fact of the earlier affirmation will not prevent the non-breaching party form choosing to terminate in the period prior to that date set for contractual performance. This was recognized by Thomas J (obiter) in Stocznia Gdanska SA v Latvian Shipping Co[12].(Poole, 2008) If the injured party chooses not to accept the repudiation, then there is no breach at that point and no duty to mitigate. If the injured party can sue for the debt, he will not be concerned with the rules restricting recovery of damages, including the duty to mitigate. This can lead to the injured party claiming payment for an ‘unwanted and wasted’ performance, which contractors awkwardly with the mitigation rule’s limitation on recovery. The point arises from decision in White and Carter (Council) (Koffman and Macdonald, 2004). Where the innocent party does decide to affirm the contract and demand performance at the stipulated time, a number of consequences flow from this decision. The first is that affirmation does not prevent the innocent party accepting the breach if, at the date fixed for performance, the other party still refuses to perform. The second is that the innocent party, in addition to affirming the contract, may continue with the performance of his obligations under the contract, even though he knows that the performance is not wanted by that other party. This is what happened in the controversial case of White and Catter (McKendrick, 2009). Requirements: The principle laid down in White and Carter is, in fact, the subject of a number of qualifications. The first is that the innocent party cannot compel the party in breach to cooperate with him so that, where the innocent party cannot continue with performance without the cooperation of the party in breach, he will be compelled to accept the breach (Hounslow LBSC V Twickenham Ltd). The second qualification is derived from the speech of Lord Reid in White and Carter when he said that: ‘it may well be that, if it can be shown that a person has no legitimate interest, financial or otherwise, in performing the contract rather than claiming damages, he ought not to be allowed to saddle the other party with an additional burden with no benefit to himself.’ (McKendrick, 2009) 1. Legitimate interest: In view of the objections to wastage inherent in the White Carter principle, subsequent courts have seized upon statements by Lord Reid in order to limit the potential scope of the principle (indeed, Megarry J in Hounslow v Twickenham[13]).(Poole, 2008) Lord Reid said that the general power to affirm the contract could not be exercised by a person who had no ‘legitimate interest, financial or otherwise, in performing the contract rather than claiming damages’. However, it would be sufficient that it was merely ‘unreasonable’ to affirm; something more than this would be required.(Poole, 2008) Thus, the guilty party can avoid the operation of the principle in White Carter v McGregor by establishing that the non-breaching party has no legitimate interest in continuing performance.(Poole, 2008) Lord Reid’s statement was adopted and applied in Clea Shipping Corp. v Bulk Oil International Ltd, The Alaskan Trader[14]. The principle is clearly aimed at preventing very obvious wastage when the other party does not require performance. (Poole, 2008) 2. No cooperation: The second limitation requires that the affirming party must be able to continue with their own performance of the contract without the cooperation of the breaching party in order to be able to claim the contract price (otherwise the affirming party will be limited to a remedy in damages).(Poole, 2008) Cooperation in this context includes both active and passive cooperation of the renouncing party (e.g., Hounslow London Borough Council v Twickenham Garden Developments Ltd[15]: following renunciation by the local authority employers, contractors had no right to insist on continuing to perform the contract because the work was being done on local authority property and they were unable to gain access to the site without the local authority’s permission).(Poole, 2008) However, the restriction in White Carter that a claimant will be limited to a remedy in damages where he is unable to perform without the cooperation of the contract-breaker, applies only where the performance which has been prevented by the breach was a pre-condition to the payment obligation, i.e. the performance obligation was entire (in caseMinistry of Sound (Ireland) Ltd v World Online Ltd[16]) (Poole, 2008) Risk to the non-breaching party following the decision to affirm after the other party’s anticipatory repudiation: On the other hand, a decision to affirm the contract may work to the disadvantage of the innocent party. The first disadvantage is that an innocent party who affirms the contract may lose his right to sue for damages completely if the contract is frustrated between the date of the unaccepted anticipatory breach and the date fixed for performance (Avery v Bowden). Secondly, an innocent party who affirms the contract but subsequently breaches the contract himself cannot argue that the unaccepted anticipatory breach excused him from his obligation to perform under the contract. Where the breach is not accepted the parties remain subject to their obligation under the contract, so that the ‘innocent party’ may find himself liable to pay damages for breach of contract if he fails to accept the breach and subsequently breaches the contract himself (The Simona).(McKendrick, 2009) Following affirmation, the non-breaching party is exposed to a number of risks in the period between affirmation and remedies following the earlier renunciation. The existence of these risks lends support to the position adopted by the Court of Appeal in Stocznia since, if the non-breaching party does have to accept these risks, it is arguable that in this period the ability to terminate should continue to exist where the renunciation is continuing.(Poole, 2008) The risks placed on the affirming party in the period between affirmation and the date for performance are not insignificant. For example: 1.If the non breaching party is itself in breach of contract, that party cannot argue, at least not unless estoppels operates, that the initial renunciation by the other party operates as an excuse for its own subsequent breach as in Ferometal SARL v Mediterranean Shipping Co, SA, The Simona[1]. Once the contract was treated as being still in force, it was ‘kept alive for the benefit of both parties’, and the party affirming could not both keep it alive and seek to justify his own non-performance by reference to the earlier repudiation.(Poole, 2008) In a situation where there has been an anticipatory breach of contract the innocent party elects to affirm the contract, he is still required to perform his own obligations under the contract but faces the danger that, should he subsequently become guilty of a breach of contract, the other party may escape liability. This point was discussed in Ferometal SARL v Mediterranean Shipping Co, SA, The Simona.(Richards, 2004). 2.Similarly, if the contract is frustrated in the period between the affirmation and the due date for performance, the frustration will discharge the contract and the non-breaching party will lose the remedy of damages for the breach as in Avery v Bowden[2], the outbreak of Crimean War, thus depriving the ship-owners of a remedy they might have had for the failure to provide a cargo, hat that repudiation been accepted as terminating the contract.(Poole, 2008) A further danger with affirmation lies in the possibility that a frustrating event may occur after the innocent party has affirmed the contract. Where an innocent party has decided to affirm a contract and there is a breach when the date of performance on the contract arrives. References Atiyah, P. S. Smith, S. A. (2006), Introduction to the law of contract, 6th ed, Oxford: Oxford university press. Beatson, J. (2002), Law of contract, 28th ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chen-Wishart, M. (2007), Contract law, 2nd ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Furmston, M. (2006), Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmstons law of contract, 15th ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Koffman, L. Macdonald, E. (2004), The law of contract, 5th ed, London: Tolley. Mckendrick, E. (2009), Contract law, 8th ed, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Peel, E. (2007), Treitel, The law of contract, 12th ed, London: Sweet Maxwell. Poole, J. (2008), Textbook on contract law, 9th ed, Oxford: Oxford University. Richards, P. (2004), Law of contract, 6th ed, Harlow: Pearson Longman. Stone, R. (2009), The modern law of contract, 8th ed, London: Routledge-Cavendish. Upex, R., Bennet, G. Chuah, J. (2003), Davies on contract, 9th ed, London: Sweet Maxwell.

Monday, October 21, 2019

American Beauty Sequence Analysis Essays

The Graduate/American Beauty Sequence Analysis Essays The Graduate/American Beauty Sequence Analysis Essay The Graduate/American Beauty Sequence Analysis Essay Essay Topic: American Beauty Sequence Analysis: The Graduate The Graduate is a subversive, wistful coming-of-age tale epitomizing the ambiguity of reaching adulthood, and the struggle of this experience. Robert Surtees, the cinematographer, successfully uses mise-en-scene to illustrate these particular themes. A variety of props are scattered throughout the opening sequence that allude to Ben’s melancholy and detachment. Additionally, the same sequence uses social and graphic blocking to depict the impedance Ben feels from his parents and their friends. The sequence begins with a scene of Benjamin sitting in front of his fish tank, submerged in thoughts of his future, and later confronted by his father. Fill lighting isolates Ben’s face from the dim background, and enhances the overall sense of glum and dispassion. Moreover, Ben’s impassive expression and wish for a ‘different’ future is also in strong contrast to the enthusiasm and conformity seen later at the party. The subtle placement of the sea-diver beside Ben only adds to this sense of alienation, while, at the same time, foreshadows the comical events at the second cocktail party later in the movie. In fact, the use of water is frequent throughout the film as tool to illustrate Ben’s self-reflection and wavering identity. Perhaps the prop most indicative of Ben, or at least humorous, is the black and white portrait of a clown frowning behind a painted smile, which is briefly shown before Ben’s parents lead him into the party. Clearly, the painting acts as a metaphor for Ben’s character within the sequence, yet, it is so outlandish that the mise-en-scene momentarily teeters from naturalistic to theatrical. However, this is characteristic of The Graduate as a whole. While the movie seems to maintain a certain level of absurdity throughout, it is always hidden behind a certain amount of reality, which is what makes the film’s message so poignant. The quintessential example of this is when Mr. McGuire informs Ben about â€Å"Plastics† at the end of the sequence. From a modern viewpoint, this advice seems to be downright elementary, but considering the film was released prior to the industrialization of plastic, a viewer at that time would find no more use of the information than Ben appeared to. Thus, the shallow dialogue exemplifies Ben’s lack of direction, while appealing to the despondent generation at the time. Surtees continues to build these themes and messages with the use of social and graphic blocking. At the beginning of the sequence, Ben’s father and mother are positioned in a way that blocks him within the shot, obviously representing their overbearing nature. His mother, in particular, consumes the entire frame when she enters the room. You can also see how tight their hold is on Ben by the claustrophobic camera shots at the graduation party later on. The following series of scenes within the sequence show Ben being grabbed and bounced back and forth between forced conversations. Altogether, these social and graphic blockings attempt to illustrate Ben being forced in a disappointing direction through a superficial society filled with high expectations. The sequence also serves as a strong parallel to the movie’s ending where Ben figuratively and literally overcomes these obstacles by pushing Elaine and himself through a furious horde of adults at the wedding. In this respect, the two sequences function as bookends, giving resolution to the controversies constructed within the movie. Sequence Analysis: American Beauty American Beauty successfully builds off of the themes in The Graduate, while also developing modern messages that appeal to a contemporary audience. The film follows Lester Burnham, a depressed suburban father in the middle of a mid-life crisis, as he attempts to free himself from his mundane and mediocre lifestyle. The mise-en-scene in the early sequence of Lester at his office effectively conveys this initial feeling of mediocrity and repression. One of the subtlest yet illustrative dimensions of the sequence’s mise-en-scene is lighting. For instance, the natural lighting in Lester’s cubicle is soft and consistent, signifying the monotony of his work duties. When the shot pans out to depict the entire office space, the grid-like pattern of desk lamps suggest a repetitive nature to his workplace, and the similar arrangement of overhead lights possibly indicates a similar pattern in upper management. The cinematographer, Conrad Hall, also uses harsh directional lighting later on when Lester enters Brad’s office. There is a small ray of outside light radiating from the closed blinds next to Brad’s desk that illuminates Lester throughout the conversation. This streak of light is used to highlight Lester’s face during key instances such as when Brad tells him that this is his one chance to save his job, thus creating a stronger emotional moment. In conjunction with lighting, the color within the sequence tends to add to the vapidity of Lester’s workplace. In strong contrast to the predominant and bold red frequent throughout the movie, Lester’s cubicle is consumed in bland neutral colors that are mirrored in other parts of the sequence. Altogether, Hall effectively uses soft lighting compounded with weak colors to create a feeling of mediocrity that fuels Lester’s future escapades. Comical props and costumes within the sequence lighten the glum ambiance in the sequence while also foreshadowing later events. Exemplary, Brad wears a classic business style suit with a dull blue shirt underneath, mirroring the bleak and repetitive colors in the office. Laughably however, he is also wearing a flamboyant tie that alludes to the person he truly is; a manager attempting to befriend his subordinates and reduce feelings of intimidation. In addition to this, Lester waives a pencil with an overly large soccer ball eraser when conversing with Brad. The funny pencil top hints at the immature state that Lester resorts back to while attempting to overcome his mediocre lifestyle. One could also argue that Lester’s sarcastic demeanor is also reminiscent of an adolescent and is epitomized when he states, â€Å"For you Brad, I’ve got five! † These blatant facades are exemplarily of American Beauty as a whole. Typically, the more troubled a character is, the more they attempt to cover their reality with an illusion. This is clearly an attempt to point out flaws in a modern superficial society. However, the funny props add a humorous touch to the film that makes its social messages less harsh. Hall uses camera angles within the sequence to display the hierarchy of authority in the workplace, which is also representative of the repression Lester tries to free himself of. For example, the camera is always looking up toward Brad while the opposite is true for Lester, obviously portraying Brad in a higher position of power than Lester. The high angel shot of Lester in his cubicle not only depicts him in a minor and passive manner but also places his coworkers within the shot. This gives the perception that Lester’s position and purpose within the workspace is relatively small and negligible. In contrast, Brad is isolated from his peers in the shot, enhancing his overall sense of superiority and reaffirms he is indeed above everyone. The following scene in Brad’s office enhances this effect with the use of perspective. The same camera angles are used for Brad and Lester; however, Brad is much larger in his shots while Lester appears significantly farther and hence smaller in the screen. Consequently, the hierarchical relationship is once again displayed.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Definition of Descent With Modification

Definition of Descent With Modification Descent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring. This passing on of traits is known as heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is the gene. Genes are the blueprints for making an organism, and, as such, hold information about its every conceivable aspect: its growth, development, behavior, appearance, physiology, and reproduction. Heredity and Evolution According to Charles Darwin, all species descended from only a few lifeforms that had been modified over time. This descent with modification, as he called it, forms the backbone of his Theory of Evolution, which posits that the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time is how certain species evolve. How It Works The passing on of genes is not always exact. Parts of the blueprints may be copied incorrectly, or in the case of organisms that undergo sexual reproduction, genes of one parent are combined with the genes of another parent organism. That is why children are not exact carbon copies of either of their parents. There are three basic concepts that are helpful in clarifying how descent with modification works: Genetic mutationIndividual (or natural) selectionEvolution of the population (or species as a whole) It is important to understand that genes and individuals do not evolve, only populations as a whole evolve. The process looks like this: Genes mutate and those mutations have consequences for the individuals within a species. Those individuals either thrive or die out due to their genetics. As a result, populations change (evolve) over time. Clarifying Natural Selection Many students confuse natural selection with descent with modification, so its worth repeating, and further clarifying, that natural selection is part of the process of evolution, but not the process itself. Natural selection comes into play, according to Darwin, when a species as a whole adapts to its environment, thanks to its specific genetic makeup. Say at some point in time two species of wolves lived in the Arctic: those with short, thin fur and those with long, thick fur. Those wolves with long, thick fur were genetically capable of living in the cold. Those with short, thin fur were not. Therefore, those wolves whose genetics allowed them to live successfully in their environment lived longer, bred more frequently, and passed on their genetics. They were naturally selected to thrive. Those wolves who were not genetically adapted to the cold eventually died out. Furthermore, natural selection doesnt create variation or give rise to new genetic traits- it selects for the genes already present in a population. In other words, the Arctic environment in which our wolves lived did not prompt a series of genetic traits that didnt already live in certain of the wolf individuals. New genetic strains are added to a population through mutation and horizontal gene transmission- e.g., the mechanism by which bacteria become immune to certain antibiotics- not natural selection. For instance, a bacterium inherits a gene for antibiotic resistance and therefore has a greater chance of survival. Natural selection then spreads that resistance through the population, forcing scientists to come up with a new antibiotic.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

The Management of Change in a Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Management of Change in a Workplace - Essay Example Management believes that it is a well-oiled machine and does not need change. However, the market condition they operate at is evolving. The environment conditions may threaten the sustainability of Ojuices existence if the organization does not change. The demands of the environment are not stagnant and the role of management is to adjust the company accordingly. (Drejer 2004, p. 508) It is crucial that an organization should fit their corporate strategy to the uncertainties of the market. (Litschert & Bonham 1978, p. 211)   The Ojuice management is least receptive to creativity, novelty, and innovation because this would disturb the balance that the company has achieved over a long period of time. However, this leads to disillusionment in employees and diminishes the morale of an individual. Without a continual flow of contribution and cooperation, the organization will cease to exist.(Naidoo 2004, p. 50) Organisational effectiveness can only be obtained through commitment and high involvement of employees in the management of their work. Integrating the worker in the organization achieves high productivity and creates competitive advantage. (Halliden & Monks 2004, p 372).   The company can counter the problem by striking the right balance. The company must reinforce its position every now and then, in order to remain etched in the market space it has created for itself. â€Å"The classical management paradigm revolves around managers planning, organizing, staffing, controlling, and directing.† â€Å"Employee involvement is a key emphasis in modern management thinking.† (Parr 1992, p. 18) Management must follow an open door policy, intertwined with a system of integrated brainstorming and functioning (Levasseur 2004, p. 79). The collaboration of experience and novel creativity can propel the company in a new direction.

Analysis and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis and Design - Essay Example Guilty Driver inherits from the driver and has all the attributes for the driver. In addition it also has the fine details, payment process. Innocent driver also is inherited from the main driver but makes use of the guilty driver processes when required to pay. In addition to the attributes that the guilty has, this will also have court processing. Suspended driver in case of drivers who fail to pay the fine. Their license details are all maintained in this. InTrial driver has the trial date details. 3. Use Case Diagram 4. Use Case - Scheduling a Court Date Description Table: Source Actor Action Destination Actor Driver Sends request for court date Officer Officer Prepares a trial date questionnaire. Driver Prepares a ticket details report Court Driver Fills in the trial date questionnaire Court Court Fixes the trial date and sends the intimation report. Driver Officer Sequence Diagram 5. Structured Approach and Object Oriented Approach Structured Design The computer was expected to solve certain problems that are mathematical and / or processing of the information, compare or sort. In order to solve these problems, a top down approach was originally used in procedural approach to problem solving. The structured approach was one step ahead of the procedural approach. In both the approaches, the problem was visualized and the method to solve the problem was the one that was worked on. Problem to solve is to be identified and then a step by step process towards solution was worked out in the case of procedural approach. There were a number of hardships faced once the problem became complex. In order to overcome this problem the structured approach was adopted. The problem that needed a solution was broken down into smaller... Innocent driver also is inherited from the main driver but makes use of the guilty driver processes when required to pay. In addition to the attributes that the guilty has, this will also have court processing. The computer was expected to solve certain problems that are mathematical and / or processing of the information, compare or sort. In order to solve these problems, a top down approach was originally used in procedural approach to problem solving. The structured approach was one step ahead of the procedural approach. In both the approaches, the problem was visualized and the method to solve the problem was the one that was worked on. Problem to solve is to be identified and then a step by step process towards solution was worked out in the case of procedural approach. There were a number of hardships faced once the problem became complex. In order to overcome this problem the structured approach was adopted. The problem that needed a solution was broken down into smaller problems. This meant that we had multiple numbers of smaller problems to be solved. On these multiple smaller problems the original procedural approach is applied and solution is reached.

Friday, October 18, 2019

The Potential Change Implementation Program Research Paper

The Potential Change Implementation Program - Research Paper Example Since the inception of academic activities of XYZ University, the examination department of the university has been maintaining a system of examination in which students like most of the other university students, follow the paper-pen-pencil strategy while attempting the examination as per the university policy. As the university has shown tremendous growth in the number of students enrolled and admitted in the university, for examination department within a short span of time, it has become very challenging to complete the process of examination which mainly includes the printing of question papers, collection of question papers and answer scripts, dispatching them to respective faculty members and then recollecting them to compile and announce the results. This whole process has many loopholes that examination department has to face, most of them are a loss of answer scripts while dispatching and recollection from the faculty members, unnecessary delays from the faculty members, lo ads of burden on examination personnel when result deadline approaches etc. All the above-mentioned issues cause harms to the quality of assessment which actually becomes the reflection of the performance of the students. As a result, some deserving students become unfortunate as their results are not the true pictures of their hard work and some careless students love their fortune to end up with flying colours courtesy the poor quality performance of the examination department. The examination committee along with the dean and registrar of the university are put forward the following reasons to bring in the change in the examination process.

In Search of Excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

In Search of Excellence - Essay Example They claimed that excellent organizations had created methods that enabled them to strike a balance between the soft-s and hard-s factors achieved in a business. Maintaining and finding an applicable balance in these business factors was a vital issue in making an organization successful. According to Peters and Waterman (1982), then, the modest slippage of commercial America was to be observed as an imbalanced product in the American approaches to organization. They went on to argue that these imbalanced products had advanced in the organization approaches that had begun in America for the period of 1950s and 1960s. According to Peters and Waterman (1982), in the post second world war period, many managers in America were obsessed upon the hard-s business factors; structure, systems and strategy. In addition, the managers had not realized the significance of skill, style, superordinate goals, and staff which were the soft-s business factors needed in breathing life into systems, str uctures and strategies. Peters and Waterman (1982) recommend a more balanced management approach. The approaches considered balanced to business would hinge upon the energy, skills and imagination of managers. They are, therefore, charged with the duty of safeguarding the productive arrangements of the soft-s and hard-s business factors. ... They also stated that these companies would have a culture showing the eight aspects of excellence as shown in their research (Frost, Moore, Louis, Lundberg & Martin, 1985). Peters and Waterman listed the eight aspects of excellence. The first one was a bias for action. Exceptional companies engaged in planning activities that were traditional. However, the traditional activities did not bind the companies from other vital managerial approaches. They went on to argue that an excessive dependence on planning done traditionally and dependence upon the hard analysis of data, delayed decision making in many companies. It also discouraged risk taking. Exceptional companies avoided paralysis by analysis (Peters and Waterman, 1982). This was by evading using committees and refusing to agree that all decisions made have to be supported by hard analysis of data. Instead of using committees, these exceptional companies preserved a bias for action which explains the willingness in trying out in novative ideas and taking risks (Peters and Waterman, 1982). Peters and Waterman (1982) affirmed that the commitment in action was preserved by exceptional companies. This is because the exceptional companies form groups of people who like to experiment and innovate. This trend to action might be compared with approaches being adapted by other companies. These companies form committees that engage in briefs talks on experimentation (Peters and Waterman, 1982). The second aspect of excellence is a company’s in proximity to the customers. The exceptional companies have to improve their strategies, systems, structures and innovation in meeting and exceeding the customers’ expectation. Incase a product or a system did not satisfy the customer, exceptional

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Foreign Enterprise Manage the JV Company with State Owned Background Dissertation

Foreign Enterprise Manage the JV Company with State Owned Background -Veolia Water's Business Model in China for its Long Term - Dissertation Example The measures thus adopted by the joint venture entity of Veolia Water for the better performance of the company so as to fulfil the demand for water in China. The business model of Veolia water over the span of five years starting from 2002 to 2007 especially has been a remarkable one. This has led to the success of the parent organisations with respect to the operations carried out by Veolia Water in China. The performance of the company is a matter of great concern for it. This has resulted in the company adaption to the Competence Based Training of the employees, where the requirement of the employees will be first assessed and thereafter training will be provided in the area concerned. In order to detect more parameters in water the company has invested in the high-end technologies which in the long-run will benefit the company in providing adequate water supply in the country of China. The economic situation of China has attracted a lot of joint ventures and foreign investments to take place in the country. Through joint venture with the foreign enterprise the country has benefitted by financial capital being invested in the country. The job opportunities over the year have also increased to a great extent. Through this case study we can observe that Veolia Water has been successful enough in creating value by setting up of joint ventures in emerging economy like China. The company takes initiative in controlling the cost and the capital expenditure of the company along with the adoption of the sustainable value appropriation policies. This has helped Veolia to effectively design and implement the international joint venture strategies in emerging economy like China. The management of Veolia Water developed against the international joint venture in China led to the emphasis on the cross cultural management whereby the company had to respect the values of the local authority and the culture of its place of operation. So as to keep pace with the cross cultu re the company has implemented effective human resource management for the company which helps the company keep pace with the changing external requirements for the company. The joint venture has also benefitted Veolia Water in terms of availing cheap labour and the already available natural resources. With Veolia Water entering the market of China, the country gained in terms of diversified capital investment with the unprecedented opportunity to observe the nature of the competitive strategies in the form of joint venture. Thus studying the advantages and the disadvantages of Veolia Water in the economy of China we can make a comparative analysis of its effects on the strategies of joint venture thus adopted by the company. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Background of the Study 6 1.2 Aim and Objective of the Study 7 1.3 Research Questions 9 1.4 Significance of the Study 9 1.5 Research Structure 10 2. Literature Review 15 2.1 International Joint Ventures 15 2.2 Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 16 2.2.1 Legal and Operational Issues in context of Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 19 2.3 Influence of Chinese culture on Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 23 2.4 Evaluation of Joint Venture Performance 25 2.5 Measures of Performance 28 2.6 Synopsis of Measures in Prior Joint Venture Performance Studies 30 2.7 Summary 32 3. Research Methodology 33 3.2 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Methods 34 3.3 Data Analysis Strategy 37 3.4 Research

Diabetes and ways to prevent diabetes Research Paper

Diabetes and ways to prevent diabetes - Research Paper Example It will expound on these areas to bring out the real situation of diabetes in the world. More than 20 million people in the United States suffer from the diabetes disease, accounting for over eight percent of the whole population. Research has shown that there are three types of diabetes, where all of them have their own causes and occurrence. This disease affects all people regardless of their ethnicity, race, age and gender. With the high prevalence of diabetes in the modern society, it is important to gain knowledge about its causes to help in its prevention and control (1). The main causes of diabetes are either absolute lack of production of the insulin in the body or inability to process the insulin produced. The body requires energy to function well. It receives this energy in the form of starches and sugars, found in the foods consumed. The body produces the insulin, the hormone that changes food into energy (Cook, 2). There are two major types of diabetes. The first type of diabetes, type 1, occurs due to deficiency of the insulin after the destruction of the pancreatic b-cell islets. The type 2 diabetes happens due to insulin resistance or irregular insulin emission (Zimmet & Shaw, 782). Type two of diabetes accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases. In addition, type 2 diabetes accounts for the recent epidemic outbreak of diabetes (Cheng, 2). In addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is exists the Gestational diabetes, which commonly occur during pregnancy. There are high chances of women who experiences gestational to develop diabetes type 2 after the pregnancy. The treatment of diabetes will depend on the severity of the disease (Case, 4). There are other unclassified types of diabetes caused by particular genetic imperfections of beta-cell function, insulin action, drugs or chemicals or diseases of the pancreas. These unclassified types of

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Foreign Enterprise Manage the JV Company with State Owned Background Dissertation

Foreign Enterprise Manage the JV Company with State Owned Background -Veolia Water's Business Model in China for its Long Term - Dissertation Example The measures thus adopted by the joint venture entity of Veolia Water for the better performance of the company so as to fulfil the demand for water in China. The business model of Veolia water over the span of five years starting from 2002 to 2007 especially has been a remarkable one. This has led to the success of the parent organisations with respect to the operations carried out by Veolia Water in China. The performance of the company is a matter of great concern for it. This has resulted in the company adaption to the Competence Based Training of the employees, where the requirement of the employees will be first assessed and thereafter training will be provided in the area concerned. In order to detect more parameters in water the company has invested in the high-end technologies which in the long-run will benefit the company in providing adequate water supply in the country of China. The economic situation of China has attracted a lot of joint ventures and foreign investments to take place in the country. Through joint venture with the foreign enterprise the country has benefitted by financial capital being invested in the country. The job opportunities over the year have also increased to a great extent. Through this case study we can observe that Veolia Water has been successful enough in creating value by setting up of joint ventures in emerging economy like China. The company takes initiative in controlling the cost and the capital expenditure of the company along with the adoption of the sustainable value appropriation policies. This has helped Veolia to effectively design and implement the international joint venture strategies in emerging economy like China. The management of Veolia Water developed against the international joint venture in China led to the emphasis on the cross cultural management whereby the company had to respect the values of the local authority and the culture of its place of operation. So as to keep pace with the cross cultu re the company has implemented effective human resource management for the company which helps the company keep pace with the changing external requirements for the company. The joint venture has also benefitted Veolia Water in terms of availing cheap labour and the already available natural resources. With Veolia Water entering the market of China, the country gained in terms of diversified capital investment with the unprecedented opportunity to observe the nature of the competitive strategies in the form of joint venture. Thus studying the advantages and the disadvantages of Veolia Water in the economy of China we can make a comparative analysis of its effects on the strategies of joint venture thus adopted by the company. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Background of the Study 6 1.2 Aim and Objective of the Study 7 1.3 Research Questions 9 1.4 Significance of the Study 9 1.5 Research Structure 10 2. Literature Review 15 2.1 International Joint Ventures 15 2.2 Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 16 2.2.1 Legal and Operational Issues in context of Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 19 2.3 Influence of Chinese culture on Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures 23 2.4 Evaluation of Joint Venture Performance 25 2.5 Measures of Performance 28 2.6 Synopsis of Measures in Prior Joint Venture Performance Studies 30 2.7 Summary 32 3. Research Methodology 33 3.2 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Methods 34 3.3 Data Analysis Strategy 37 3.4 Research

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Discussion Questions for Sexism Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Questions for Sexism Readings - Essay Example Misogyny, hatred for one sex (females basically) leads to increased feelings of oppression and suffocation for the women and transgender people. This also leads to more abortions, and killing of infant girls. 2. Biological sex is basically a bodily aspect. If a person has primary sexual characters of male or female sex, he or she is biologically a male or a female. Gender is more like a concept. Essentially other than the primary sexual characters, human beings are alike. Gender studies are basically an approach towards how you perceive men and women. Biologically they are same other than primary sexual characters but gender considers them different. 3. Not all, but many men practice patriarchy happily as they have a lot to gain from it. They get to rule their households. This however is not always easy. Homophobia, the hatred people feel for lesbians and gays and sometimes for transgender people originates from this stress too. No extreme is good. When 50% population of any place is oppressed in the name of patriarchy, many react by becoming gay or lesbian. Normal life is disrupted by this extremism in favor of one sex. 4. Feminism demands equal rights for women. Biologically, women and men are equals but the sexist approaches don’t let that to be practiced in society. Although in theory it looks like United States is a very broad minded society, but there has always been a very strong negative reaction to equal rights for women and transgender people. One of the reasons is that it is always easy to follow the current trends rather than accepting changes. Also, with women getting equal rights, some of the men might feel insecure. 5. Ideal female beauty is a concept that leads a lot of girls to efforts of abnormal level to become acceptably attractive. This leads women to putting in extra efforts for acceptance and those who naturally lack it suffer a lot. From other point of view, this sometimes makes women easy targets

Monday, October 14, 2019

Principles Of Behaviorism Essay Example for Free

Principles Of Behaviorism Essay The principles of behaviorism are represented through a sequence of events and possibly lead to â€Å"time-out† period. Time-out is used by parents as a disciplinary tool towards their misbehaving child. Parents respond to a child’s actions through reinforcement, whether it be expressed by a positive or negative feedback. When a child does something unacceptable or troublesome the parent may use seclusion as a type of punishment known as â€Å"time-out.† After the child has done something wrong they must sit in a quiet area by themselves and ‘think about what they had done wrong. ’ The time-out isolation usually is dismissed after the child has â€Å"cooled down† and acknowledges their behavior and is ready to act appropriately. Time-out usually influences a child’s behavioral development by learning the consequences of disobedience. This type of reinforcement could have many consequences based on the parent’s discretion. Some parents may use the threat of deprivation as a further penalty. The removal of the child’s TV, video games, cell phone or time with friends may be taken away until the child has fully understands why they are being punished. If the parents have successfully reinforced the child’s behaviors throughout development, the child should not be repeating a punishment for the same bad behavior that was once acknowledged. The child’s behavior should have already been handled and the frequency of misbehaving should decrease.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Factors Which Shaped The Development Of Modern Criminology Criminology Essay

Factors Which Shaped The Development Of Modern Criminology Criminology Essay For years, the symbol of the future has been the coming of new decade; the arrival of new century. Whether the field is medicine, space exploration or criminal justice, that turn of the calendar has held unique fascination. Now as we approach the new decade, a new reality is forming from that fascination. Still distant enough to pique our curiosity but close enough that our expectations and analysis regarding crimes and punishment can be guided by reality, life in the next decade can be the focus of productive, justifiable and practical inquiry (Guha, 1999). Such inquiry can be useful to academics, law enforcers, public officials, planners, student and others for whom the future of crime and punishment is no abstraction but an important stage in their careers and their contributions. Past the year 2009, todays students will be tomorrows expert and have a dedication and experience to carry them into positions of leadership. Education today not only can describe crime and punishment as they are, but also help to prepare student by prompting them to consider what their future might be like (Barry,2003). Discussions: Modern Criminology is one of the fields of study and disciplines about criminals and criminal behavior. The development of the subject attempted to build theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects. Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crimes in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence. The concern of it was focused with the human moral relationship, values and moral status together with its non-human elements. It has become a new philosophical sub-discipline in the early 1970s; it was challenged by classical criminology. Foremost, it instigates the considered moral superiority of humanity to population of other people on the planet. Second, it examined the rational possibility of arguments for providing intrinsic value to the diversity of crimes and punishment elements (Guha, 1999) According to Attigod (2007) over the course of the past centuries, there were visible unrelenting levels of speculation in historical and contemporary literatures about crimes and punishments at the same time that worldwide issues and conflicts. Concurrent to these developments, there has been a new wave of interest directed toward the factors contributing to the development of modern criminology coming out from different aspects of living things through communications, specifically the twist in the valuation and judgment role in society or culture. A study conducted by Barry (2003), he presented that at the start of the new millennium, there were growing number of criteria that began to suggest crimes and punishment as a remedy to the state cauterized of society and culture. Yet, he questioned how can these criteria for works within the new cultural modalities of in the changing and reflexive dialogue and ambiguity? Interest was focused on the importance of providing a framework for understanding the development of crime and punishment. Included in those was the need for examining the education and skills that today students requires to be effective scholars and professionals over the course of their careers. That knowledge, firmly grounded in the present and the past, has guided their efforts to look into the future. Most of these authors do not consider themselves futurists, that is, specialists, speculating about the future. Instead, their effort here are the best appreciated as attempts to extent todays knowledge base modestly forward for a decade and a half and perhaps to influence those who are willing to make daring leaps (Barry, 2003). No matter how qualified experts may be, the rest remains that their musings about the criminology, may, at best, ignore significant issues or, at worst, be little more than fantasies. Careful selection of experts and the tension to detail to avoid such problems, but additional safeguard, also have been included. They began their efforts with general instructions in the intent and directions of the subject. The issues that were debated ranged from the extent to which the subject was best viewed as a direct extension of the present or as likely to mold by other influences to the crime and punishment, moral responsibilities for helping to shape the future (Attigod, 2007). Only some of many crimes that occur received intense attentions from the news media, law enforcement agencies, and the public. White collar crime gets least attention that its innermost costs warrant and arson is rarely the basis of news stories, official investigation and public fear. In recent years, two relatively uncommon forms of crimes serial homicide and the murder of children abducted by strangers, have dominated press reports on crime, television documentaries, police investigations, and popular attentions (Barry, 2003). During the 1980s, the issue of serial murder was established as major social problem, and the stereo typical serial killer become one of the best-known and the most widely feared social enemies. In each case, particular attention should be directed toward the identification of claims-makers, those individuals and groups who attempt to present an issue in a particular way. The study of such claims-makers is central to the constructionists approach to social problems in which the theoretical task is to study how members defines lodge and press claims; how they publicized their concerns, redefine the issue in question in the face of political obstacles, indifference or oppositions; how they enter in alliances which other claim makers (Agar, 2001). The development of the criminology shaped public perceptions of the serial murder problem, crimes, and the means claims and came to the establishment as authoritative. It will be suggested that such an exploration has important implications both for the framing of social problems, and for the study of mass media (James, 2003). The crime, punishment and justice were the philosophical focus of 19th and 20th century, the present criminological approach surfaced as an academic field and discipline in the 1970s. The rethinking and doubt about the human and crime relationship over the last three decades showed an already common perception in the early 1960s that the twentieth century presents with a population time bomb and a major crisis issue (Guha, 1999 Additionally, the historical derivatives of the crime and punishment are linked to overuse and abuse of human rights and nature by maintenance of the humans equality over all other forms of nature and life on earth and by perception of all was formed and created for the justice not only human beings but all form of life in the universe (Barry, 2003). The modern criminology is heavily influenced by ideology and politics, but those influences can be tempered by data. The collection and analysis of information about crime and criminals and about the criminal justice process will play an increasingly important rule in the future. Research, including evaluation studies, therefore becomes an essential component of providing services to the community (Agar, 2001). Such research serves as a foundation on which future policies and procedures can be evaluated and corrective measures taken to improve the delivery of services. In this way, research is more that heuristic. It is now an important ingredient in the process of completing the multiple tasks expected of criminology leaders (Attigod, 2007). The development of modern criminology faces different challenges and issues today, crimes, degradation of natural resources and destruction of human life are some of the issues regarding the subject. There is also destruction of some individual members of human groups and overpopulated species belong to indigenous group which is important for the preservation of our integrity. There are terrorists from different countries across the globe that continually practices heinous crimes to sustain their needs and goals that degrades the quality of human life. In natural settings, there are industries and mining company that utilized open pit mining in some environmental diverse area that causes global climate change. It is often discusses to be morally wrong for every human beings to deplete, destroy and harm any parts of the nature, human life and to large area of the earths natural resources (James, 2003). However, there are expert have asked crimes and justice should impact the places defined in which areas are to be restored, and have questioned over exactly which must be ecological features, terrorism, criminal features, etc. These issues are emerging in human societies, and then an issue also emerges over the laws of the nature and punishments that will show in them, and also of their combination into huge global, regional, political and economic field (Barry, 2003). The political, ethical, and legal confluences of arguments regarding the future of criminology is focused on the emergence of philosophical issues that concern with human rights, resources depletion and the argue over whether an human ethics would be anything new rather than a changes, extension or modification of current ethical philosophies were showed in wider political, environmental and social movements. Fields and areas such as feminism, deep ecology, and social theories are considered to have significant impact on the political development of positions regarding the environment. The importance of this factors impact to the peoples thinking about criminology and has been valued by many environmental scholars and philosophers (Attigod, 2007). Additionally, the focus on the value of justice and the importance of its conservation and preservation has viewed as another significant problem namely that lifestyles in which efforts for crimes and punishment can be valuable demand as a standard of lifestyle that is far across the perception of most of the worlds population. Current political conflicts and geographical differences provide significant challenges to the issue of crimes and justice, the world is now in general as it threatens to widen inequalities and affect human living systems. The justice and ethics is necessary as it involve the interference with the rights of humans and non-human living elements, particularly in relation to access to lifes critical to survival. It also contains questions concerned to whether human should leave considerations to other human to preserve for future generations. That is either of the main activities that are unethical and how their involvements in an activity to misinform the public about political changes in the past decades that have tarnished the environmental moral image (Abram, 1996).   In addition, there are report uses that unethical activities by many organizations were used as justification their strategic planning that will aid the industries. These issues must not only address its criminal and moral concern, but also obtain a global reputation of social corporate responsibility and secure justice viability in the future in spite of modern and new technologies that will underpin the change, social welfare, facilitates and economic development. In contrast, there must be appropriate attention to the development of appropriate law making bodies (Aris, 2008)   Linked between unequal human treatment, destruction of environmental, poverty and the economic situation of the world order have been argued by criminal scholars, political scientists, geographers, development theorists, and economists as well as by philosophers. Links between criminology and economics are well established particularly. I believe that the goal of modern criminology regarding the current political issues is to provide safe and complete set of environment for all living things around the world to improve quality of lives while decreasing impact of human rights depletion and supporting communities (Attigod, 2007). Due to the highly liquid nature of the securities and short maturities, international expansion and globalization of criminal concepts is perceived as a safe place to lock in justice. It serves as instruments characterised by high degree of safety of the principal. The successful implementation of these strategies by international organizations like UN provided more securities and opportunities; there are hundreds of required detailed decisions to accomplish the goal, such as police strategies, planning, judicial and police activities such as law making and amendments (Barry,2003) It is well known that the criminology system has a disproportionate effect on the poor and on minorities in the United States in that those in whom the coercive power of the state is vested are disproportionately white middle class. The integrity of this system of social control depends on its being fair and equitable. Where disparity exists, we must be certain that it is not the result of either deliberate or unintentional differences in the treatment of citizens. While the modern criminology cannot be expected to address inequities that may exist in the larger society, leaders should contribute to them. Leaders of the field must take responsibility for safeguarding the integrity of punishment system and for working toward the system whose employees are sensitive to the cultures of those caught up in it and served by it (Abram, 1996).   There are also effect directly address the national strategies of certain countries. For instance, very new law and public trust strategies adapt existing management have to controls the new technology and able to manipulate ideas to effectively undertake every present opportunities. Crimes and punishment agencies information has their own commercial organization with the automation of routine functions, specifically judicial and police functions. As technology and globalization become more influential and more effective, judicial and criminal justice strategy gain support in almost all countries and organizational processing. Organizations also emerging in the international treaty in this period, and have been constantly used to back up national strategies and communications (Aris, 2008). National communications have connected criminology and justice more closely to the host nation and law making bodies. The national efforts of different countries worldwide have their own continuity planning aligned with human rights. There is also a determination of national objectives, operations, logistics and development of these strategies, control and evaluation process in measuring the effectiveness of modern criminologys performance. The criminal aspects have been the direct responsibility of national government and peace keeping body, whereas top management is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans. The advantage of this idea includes the tendency to be detail line by line criminal punishment actions and legal considerations items with tactical approaches that concerned with the rationale used in national plan Moreover, the rate of crimes in different countries has dramatically increased which added some modern features to the development of criminology, international strategy have come to produce to gain influence over the nature and form of the modern organizations. Abreast with the increasing rate on technology and globalization is the increasing complexity and scale of national strategy. These figures added to motivate national strategy and technological strategic planning, as a means to produce the best feature for the country that realizes the best benefit from these laws and punishment accompanied by the concepts and theories in trade as well as the process to create large scale efforts to enter the international system (Barry, 2003). Much of what the modern criminology does can be seen as settling conflicts among citizens. Basic values justice and fairness are central to such system of social control. Anyone working in the punishment system has the obligation to explore such basic values to understand their importance in criminal justice and to understand their meaning and value to them as individuals. Those who work in the modern criminology system must be responsible for their part in that system. Lawyers must not tolerate in justice, the police must not accept brutality, and prison officials must be responsible for prison conditions. For that to be true, we cannot rely on citizens video cameras to exposed and correct the system. Everyone must appreciate the importance of values that make the modern criminology system credible (Aris, 2008). For the successful development of modern criminology and the rate of globalization increased into international scene for more opportunities. There are also hundreds of required detailed decisions to accomplish the goal. In these recent days, the world is experiencing through an epic proportions technological discontinuity, and most of the people us are not even totally prepared. The system paradigm of mass media and mass production is being interchanged by a one-to-one law system which is a new paradigm totally (Abram, 1996).   In developing new criminology strategy, it involves fact finding, analysis, generation of technical and management plan goals, and development of projects to realize these goals. The planning process makes use of tools of international law consulting agencies. From the point of view of sustainable international growth, the construction of national strategies against crimes has been notable international success. While on the criminology continues to mature, global and local law enforces and law making bodies are seeking for opportunities to advance the national interests in a highly competitive environment. This issue has been a subject of many studies and researches on crimes and punishment in these recent years. The idea of the future may seem like an abstraction, looking into it could seem little more than an intellectual exercise. But there are also more practical applications. In personal terms, we can talk about our individual features or, more specifically, our careers in the field of criminal justice. From that perspective, development of criminology involves identifying the types of knowledge and skills that will be needed in 15 or 20 years. That is, preparing for the future means acknowledging that the jobs available today maybe very different tomorrow and that you must prepare not only for your first job in the field that also for leadership positions in the future (Abram, 1996).   In addition, the political abilities of leaders in the criminology field are strengthened by analytical abilities. Never before have these skills been as necessary as they are today and will continue to be, and never before has the capacity to develop these skills been so close at hand. The technological revolution of the 1980s and early 1990s has put computers in nearly every work city. Criminology is a public enterprise. In its most basic form, it involves exercise of coercive powers on behalf of the people. Leaders of the criminology organizations will have to commit themselves to the principles of democracy that is, the openness and to debate over public policy. When police make arrests or when a state executes an offender, it is done on behalf of the citizenry. It is incumbent on those would lead the field to be certain that the citizenry is informed thoughtful in its understanding and expectations of criminal justice policy. This means educating the public about criminal justice in being tolerant of those who would hide the business of justice from their community (Agar, 2001). Along with the need for increased awareness and appreciation of analytical capabilities, there was also a need for those in modern criminology system to have a thorough understanding of the philosophical foundation of the criminal justice system. That includes an understanding of the philosophical positions regarding the roots of crime as well as typical positions regarding justice and fairness in the behavior of individuals and in the process of crimes and punishment (Abram, 1996).   Contemporary views of criminality now stress the integration of both classically oriented assumptions about freewill with more positivistic notions on the etiology of crime. This more modern view requires the acceptance of a new set of assumptions about the nature of crime, the role of the state in the definition of crime, and different implication for crime control. Now, more than ever in the past, research has forced the modern criminology to examine importance of both individual choice and deterministic influences on the cause of crime. Being aware of the importance of pour assumptions about crime allows as to construct policies that are not only more effective, but also more equitable (Aiklo, 2004). Additionally, there are studies focused on patterns of the strategic criminal investigations among its criminals and its importance for the effectiveness of its management plan utilized by the corporation. To have a stronger potential to impact the organizational structure, management, strategies and modern criminology effectiveness compared to its members (Abram, 1996).   Diversity among every people and local situation has become an increasingly more important issue to every organization, people, and organizational productivity. Effective patterns will most likely attract more effective justice; criminal system will also be increased (Aiklo, 2004). In order to minimize the negative effects, if present, the system must ensure that the criminal strategy applied provides the maximum strategic benefit to the citizenry and requires further evolution. These strategies must also be assigned with value in supporting organizational goals; the efficient management of this value can provide greater benefit to the organization (Agar, 2001). The standing/ situation of modern criminology strategies affected by the globalization are studied; the perceptions in the application of these factors affecting the development are also evaluated. After the examination of institutional setting in which these problem occurred, data are collected and found out that changes in the responsibilities inherent in a specific criminal plan of actions, changes in the management strategies and plans required for the proper promotion and as well as the changes in plan prerogatives and effective communication are strongly enhanced by the expansion to international market (Agar, 2001). The impact of their the new system of modern criminology are currently examined and therefore determined that there are significant changes had occurred in the number of factors in the characteristics of judicial planning, in the number and size of the population and in the nature of the crime committed (Aiklo, 2004). These factors discussed are usually implicit in the development of modern criminology, as many organizations and national institutions constructs already exists with the ongoing activities. These factors command and control loop that is present in most existing mechanisms in the world of criminology. These features are effective tools that may be used by any organizations to aid in more effective crime and punishment development in any social settings (Attigod, 2007). Conclusions: Development of Modern criminology is required to facilitate the necessary integration of these judicial and punishment activities so that law enforcer efforts for peace and order are effectively directed and controlled. In these current economic situations the nations and the worlds strategy may be involved planning at several levels of criminology structure. Factors affecting the strategic decision making process of a nation and law making bodies may be the proper developing and maintaining of strategic fit between the punishment and its opportunities. To facilitate growth, the effective integration of methods and philosophies must involve the selection of a tactics to implement punishment and to reach defined goals. Judicial planning differs from other legislative planning in several ways. The plan must involved efficient strategic punishment systems that focus on long term directions and goals. The criminal aspects must have been the direct responsibility of national government and peace keeping body, whereas top management is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans. The advantage of this idea includes the tendency to be detail line by line criminal punishment actions and legal considerations items with tactical approaches that concerned with the rationale used in national plan. One disadvantage of this idea is that the citizens need to adopt a perspective that integrates the proper orientation of laws with tactical benefits of having peace environment. These factors affecting the development of modern criminology s et central commitments for morally responsive concerns, peaceful environment and defined how it can contribute to sustainable growth of the society. The development of the modern criminology builds theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects. Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crimes in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence